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銀行業務詳解－貨幣與信貸
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00:00
The international banking system is an enigma.
國際銀行系統是一個團。
00:03
There are more than 30.000 different banks world wide, and they hold unbelievable amounts of assets.
全球有超過30,000家不同的銀行，它們持有令人難以置信的資產數量。
00:10
The top 10 banks alone account for roughly 25 trillion US-Dollars.
前十大銀行的資產總額約為25萬億美元。
00:15
Today, banking can seem very complex, but originally, the idea was to make life simpler.
如今，銀行業似乎非常複，但最初的想法是讓生活變得更簡單。
00:27
11th century Italy was the centre of European trading.
11世紀的義大利是歐洲易的中心。
00:31
Merchants from all over the continent met to trade their goods, but there was one problem: too many currencies in circulation.
來自全大陸的商人聚集在一起交易商品，但有一個問題：流通貨太多。
00:39
In Pisa, merchants had to deal with seven different types of coins and had to exchange their money constantly.
在比薩，商人必須處理七種不同的硬，並且必須不斷換貨。
00:46
This exchange business, which commonly took place outdoors benches, is where we get the word "bank" from; from the word "banco", Italian for "bench".
種換業務通常在戶外長椅上進行，這就是我們得到「銀行」一詞的由來；來自於義大利語「banco」，意為「長椅」。
00:55
The dangers of travelling, counterfeit money and the difficulty of getting a loan got people thinking.
行的危險、造貨以及借款的困難使人們開始思考。
01:01
It was time for a new business model: home brokers started to give credit to businessmen, while genevese merchants developed cashless payments.
是時候引入新的商業模式：經紀人開始為商人提供信用，而熱那亞商人則發展了無現金支付。
01:10
Networks of banks spread all over Europe, handing out credit even to the church, or European kings.
行網絡遍布整個歐洲，甚至向教會或歐洲君主提供信用。
01:17
What about today ?
關於現在的情況呢？
01:18
In a nutshell, banks are in the risk management business.
而言之，銀行處於風險管理的行業。
01:21
This is a simplified version of the way it works.
是銀行運作方式的簡化版本。
01:25
People keep their money in banks and receive a small amout of interest.
人們將錢存入銀行，並獲得少量利息。
01:29
The bank takes this money, and lends it out at much higher interest rates.
行拿著這些錢，並以更高的利率貸出。
01:34
It's a calculated risk, because some of the lenders will default on their credit.
是一種計算風險，因為有些借款人會違約。
01:38
This process is essential for our economic system, because it provides ressources for people to buy things like houses, or for industries to expand their businesses and grow.
個過程對我們的經濟體系至關重要，因為它為人們購買房屋或企業大業務和發展提供了資源。
01:49
So banks take funds that are unused by savers, and turn them into funds society can use to do stuff.
因此，銀行將者未使用的資金轉化為社會可以用來做事的資金。
01:55
Other sources of income for banks include accepting saving deposits, the credit card business, buying and selling currencies,
行的其他收入來源包括接受存款、信用卡業務、買賣貨等。
02:02
custodian business and cash management services.
保管業務和現金管理服務。
02:06
The main problem with banks nowadays is, that a lot of them have abandoned their traditional role as providers of long-time financial products, in favour of short-time gains that carry much higher risks.
目前銀行面臨的主要問題是，許多銀行已經放了其傳統的長期金融產品提供者的角色，轉而追求短期利益，但這種做法卻伴隨著更高的風險。
02:17
During the financial boom, most major banks adopted financial constructs that were barely comprehensable and did their own trading in habit to make fast money,
在金融繁時期，大多數主要銀行採用了幾乎無法理解的金融結構，並進行自行交易以快速取利，
02:26
and earn their executives and traders millions in bonuses.
並為其高管和交易員帶來數百萬美元的獎金。
02:30
This was nothing short of gambling and damaged whole economies and societies.
簡直就是博，對整個經濟和社會造成了損害。
02:35
Like back in 2008, when banks like Leeman Brothers gave credit to basically anyone who wanted to buy a house, and thereby put the bank in an extremely dangerous risk position.
就像2008年，當時像雷曼兄弟這樣的銀行幾乎將信貸提供給任何想要購買房屋的人，從而將銀行置於極度危險的風險之中。
02:45
This led to the collapse of the housing market in the US and parts of Europe, causing stock prices to plummet, which eventually led to a global banking crisis, and one of the largest financial crises in history.
導致了美國和歐洲部分地區的房地產市場，導致股價暴跌，最終引發了全球銀行危機和歷史上最大的金融危機之一。
02:57
Hundreds of billions of dollars just evaporated.
以百億計的美元發了。
03:01
Millions of people lost their jobs and lots of money.
数百萬人失去了工作和金錢。
03:04
Most of the world's major banks had to pay billions in fines and bankers became some of the least trusted professionals.
大多數世界主要銀行不得不支付數十億美元的款，銀行家也成為最不受信任的專業人士之一。
03:11
The US government and the European Union had to put together huge bailout packages to purchase bad assets and stop the banks from going bankrupt.
美國政府和歐盟不得不集巨大的救助包購買資產，防止銀行破產。
03:19
New regulations were put into force to govern the banking business, compulsary bank emergency funds were enforced to absorb shocks in the event of another financial crisis.
新的法規被施行以管制銀行業務，強制銀行建立緊急基金以吸收另一場金融危機的沖擊。
03:29
But other pieces of tough new legislation were successfully blocked by the banking lobby.
但其他的新立法被銀行遊說團體成功阻止。
03:34
Today, other models of providing financing are gaining ground fast.
如今，其他提供融資的模式正在迅速發展。
03:38
Like new investment banks, that charge a yearly fee and do not get commissions on sales, thus providing the motivation to act in the motivation in the best interests of their clients.
新投資銀行，年費用而不收取銷售金，從而提供動力以客戶最佳利益為出發點行事。
03:48
or credit unions - cooperative initiatives that were established in the 19th century to circumvent credit sharks.
或信用合作社 - 19世紀為規避放貸者而成立的合作社。
03:54
In a nutshell, they provide the same financial services as banks, but focus on shared value rather than profit maximisation.
之，它們提供與銀行相同的金融服務，但注重共享價值而非利最大化。
04:02
The self proclaimed goal is to help members create opportunities like starting small businesses, expanding farms or building family homes while investing back into communities.
稱的目標是助會員創造機會，如創辦小型企業、建農場或建造家庭住宅，並將資金投資回社區。
04:13
They are controlled by their members, who also elect the board of directors democratically.
們由會員控制，會員也民主地選舉董事會。
04:18
World wide, credit union systems vary significantly, ranging from a handfull of members to organisations with several billion US-Dollars
在全球範圍內，信用合作社系統差異很大，從少數會員到資產數十億美元的組織。
04:27
and hundreds of thousands of members.
及成千上萬的會員。
04:29
The focus on benefits for their members impacts the risk credit unions are willing to take, which explains why credit unions, although also hurting, survived the last financial crisis way better than traditional banks.
會員利益的重視影響了信用合作社願意承的風險，這也解了為什麼信用合作社管也受到影響，但在上一次金融危機中比傳統銀行表現得好得多。
04:42
Not to forget the explosion of crowdfunding in recent years.
最近幾年眾的爆發也是值得注意的。
04:45
Aside from making awesome video games possible, platforms arosed that enabled people to get loans from large groups of small investors, circumventing the bank as a middle man.
除了使得製作出色的電子遊戲成為可能，還出現了能讓人從大量的小投資者那裡獲得貸款的平台，過銀行這個中間人。
04:55
But it also works for industry - lots of new technology companies started out on kickstarter or indiegogo.
但這也適用於產業——很多新科技公司都是從Kickstarter或Indiegogo開始的。
05:01
The funding individual gets the satisfaction of being part of a bigger thing, and can invest in ideas they believe in.
個人投資者能獲得成為更大事物一部分的滿足感，並能投資於自己相信的想法。
05:07
While spreading the risk so widely, that, if the project fails, the damage is limited.
同時風險被廣泛分散，因此如果項目失敗，損害將被限制在最小範圍內。
05:12
And last but not least, micro credits.
最後但同樣重要的，是小額信貸。
05:14
Lots of very small loans, mostly handed out in developping countries that help people escape poverty.
大量的小額貸款，主要在發展中國家發放，助人們困。
05:20
People who were previously unable to get access to the money they needed to start a business, because they weren't deemed worth the time.
以前那些無法獲得開展事業所需資金的人，因為被認為不值得花時間，現在可以通過小額信貸獲得資金。
05:27
Nowadays, the granting of micro-credits has evolved into a multi-billion dollar business.
如今，小額信貸的發放已經發展成為一個數十億美元的行業。
05:32
So, banking might not be up your street, but the banks' role of providing funds to people and businesses is crucial for our society and has to be done.
所以，然銀行業可能不是你的專長，但銀行為人們和企業提供資金的角色對於我們的社會至關重要，並且必須要有人來做。
05:41
Who will do it and how it will be done in the future is up for us to decide, though.
但是誰來做以及如何做將由我們決定。

銀行業務詳解－貨幣與信貸

📝 影片摘要

本單元深入探討銀行業務的核心，從其歷史起源說起，解釋銀行如何從早期為解決商人貨幣流通問題的「長椅」演變而來。現代銀行業務本質上是風險管理，透過吸收存款並以更高利率貸出，將儲蓄者的閒置資金轉化為社會可用的資源，支持房屋購買和企業發展。然而，影片也揭示了現代銀行面臨的挑戰，包括部分銀行為追求短期利益而承擔過高風險，以及2008年金融危機的慘痛教訓。此外，單元還介紹了其他融資模式的興起，如新式投資銀行、信用合作社、群眾募資和微額信貸，這些模式提供了更多元、有時更以客戶利益為重的金融服務，顯示未來金融體系可能朝向更多樣化的方向發展。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 銀行業務的歷史起源與演變
  • ✓ 銀行在經濟體系中的核心角色：風險管理與資金轉化
  • ✓ 銀行如何將儲蓄者的資金貸放給借款者
  • ✓ 現代銀行面臨的風險：追求短期利益與過度承擔風險
  • ✓ 2008年金融危機的成因與影響
  • ✓ 銀行監管的加強與挑戰
  • ✓ 新興的融資模式：新式投資銀行、信用合作社
  • ✓ 群眾募資與微額信貸作為銀行體系的補充或替代方案
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
貨幣
currencies
無現金的
cashless
違約
default
資源
resources
儲蓄者
savers
保管人
custodian
金融繁榮時期
financial boom
暴跌
plummet
政府的
bailout
合作的
cooperative

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 10 個重點單字
currencies /ˈkʌrənsiz/ noun
a system of money in general use in a particular country.
貨幣；流通貨幣
📝 例句
"Merchants from all over the continent met to trade their goods, but there was one problem: too many currencies in circulation."
→ 來自全大陸的商人聚集在一起交易商品，但有一個問題：流通貨幣太多。
✨ 延伸例句
"The exchange rate between the two currencies is fluctuating."
→ 這兩種貨幣的匯率正在波動。
cashless /ˈkæʃlɪs/ adjective
relating to or involving the use of credit and debit cards or electronic transactions instead of cash.
無現金的；不用現金的
📝 例句
"While genevese merchants developed cashless payments."
→ 熱那亞商人則發展了無現金支付。
✨ 延伸例句
"Many countries are moving towards a cashless society."
→ 許多國家正朝向無現金社會邁進。
default /dɪˈfɔːlt/ verb
fail to fulfill an obligation, especially to repay a loan or complete a contract.
違約；不履行義務
📝 例句
"It's a calculated risk, because some of the lenders will default on their credit."
→ 這是一種計算過的風險，因為有些借款人會違約。
✨ 延伸例句
"The company defaulted on its loan payments."
→ 該公司未能按時償還貸款。
resources /rɪˈzɔːrsɪz/ noun
a stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively.
資源
📝 例句
"This process is essential for our economic system, because it provides resources for people to buy things like houses, or for industries to expand their businesses and grow."
→ 這個過程對我們的經濟體系至關重要，因為它為人們購買房屋或企業擴大業務和發展提供了資源。
✨ 延伸例句
"The government is allocating more resources to education."
→ 政府正在分配更多資源用於教育。
savers /ˈseɪvərz/ noun
people who save money instead of spending it.
儲蓄者；存款人
📝 例句
"So banks take funds that are unused by savers, and turn them into funds society can use to do stuff."
→ 因此，銀行將儲蓄者未使用的資金轉化為社會可以用來做事的資金。
✨ 延伸例句
"Low interest rates can discourage savers."
→ 低利率可能會打擊儲蓄者的意願。
custodian /kʌˈstoʊdiən/ noun
an institution that holds and safeguards a client's financial assets.
保管人；託管機構
📝 例句
"custodian business and cash management services."
→ 保管業務和現金管理服務。
✨ 延伸例句
"The bank acts as a custodian for many of its clients' investments."
financial boom /fɪˈnænʃəl buːm/ noun phrase
a period of rapid growth and prosperity in the financial markets.
金融繁榮時期
📝 例句
"During the financial boom, most major banks adopted financial constructs that were barely comprehensable and did their own trading in habit to make fast money,"
→ 在金融繁榮時期，大多數主要銀行採用了幾乎無法理解的金融結構，並進行自行交易以快速取利，
✨ 延伸例句
"The dot-com financial boom led to inflated stock prices."
→ 網際網路泡沫時期的金融繁榮導致股票價格膨脹。
plummet /ˈplʌmɪt/ verb
fall or drop straight down at a very steep angle.
暴跌；驟降
📝 例句
"causing stock prices to plummet, which eventually led to a global banking crisis, and one of the largest financial crises in history."
→ 導致股價暴跌，最終引發了全球銀行危機，以及歷史上最大的金融危機之一。
✨ 延伸例句
"Share prices plummeted after the bad news."
→ 壞消息傳出後，股價暴跌。
bailout /ˈbeɪlaʊt/ noun
an act of giving financial assistance to a business or economy in difficulty.
（政府的）救助；（經濟上的）援助
📝 例句
"The US government and the European Union had to put together huge bailout packages to purchase bad assets and stop the banks from going bankrupt."
→ 美國政府和歐盟不得不集結巨大的救助方案來購買不良資產，防止銀行破產。
✨ 延伸例句
"The airline received a government bailout during the crisis."
→ 該航空公司在危機期間獲得了政府的救助。
cooperative /koʊˈɒpərətɪv/ adjective
involving or working together with others for a shared goal.
合作的；協作的
📝 例句
"or credit unions - cooperative initiatives that were established in the 19th century to circumvent credit sharks."
→ 或信用合作社——19世紀為規避高利貸者而成立的合作倡議。
✨ 延伸例句
"They formed a cooperative to buy supplies in bulk."
→ 他們成立了一個合作社以批量購買物資。
🎯 共 10 題測驗

1 According to the video, what was the original problem that led to the development of banking in 11th century Italy? 根據影片，11世紀義大利銀行業發展的最初問題是什麼？ According to the video, what was the original problem that led to the development of banking in 11th century Italy?

根據影片，11世紀義大利銀行業發展的最初問題是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video explains that merchants had to deal with many different currencies, making trade complex.

影片解釋說，商人必須處理多種不同的貨幣，這使得交易變得複雜。

2 What does the word 'bank' originate from, according to the video? 根據影片，'bank' 這個詞源自於什麼？ What does the word 'bank' originate from, according to the video?

根據影片，'bank' 這個詞源自於什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The term 'bank' comes from the Italian word 'banco', meaning 'bench', referring to the outdoor benches where early money exchanges occurred.

「bank」一詞源自義大利語「banco」，意為「長椅」，指的是早期貨幣交換發生的戶外長椅。

3 In a nutshell, what business are banks in today, according to the video? 簡而言之，根據影片，銀行今天從事什麼行業？ In a nutshell, what business are banks in today, according to the video?

簡而言之，根據影片，銀行今天從事什麼行業？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video states that, in a nutshell, banks are in the risk management business.

影片指出，簡而言之，銀行從事的是風險管理業務。

4 What is the fundamental process described for how banks operate? 影片描述的銀行運作基本流程是什麼？ What is the fundamental process described for how banks operate?

影片描述的銀行運作基本流程是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video explains that people deposit money with small interest, and banks lend it out at higher rates, which is a calculated risk.

影片解釋說，人們將錢存入銀行並獲得少量利息，銀行再以更高的利率貸出，這是一種計算過的風險。

5 What is identified as a major problem with banks nowadays? 現今銀行面臨的主要問題是什麼？ What is identified as a major problem with banks nowadays?

現今銀行面臨的主要問題是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video highlights that many banks have moved away from providing long-term financial products towards short-term gains, which involves higher risks.

影片指出，許多銀行已放棄提供長期金融產品的角色，轉而追求伴隨更高風險的短期利益。

6 Which event is cited as an example of banks taking extreme risks that led to a global crisis? 哪個事件被引用為銀行承擔極端風險並導致全球危機的例子？ Which event is cited as an example of banks taking extreme risks that led to a global crisis?

哪個事件被引用為銀行承擔極端風險並導致全球危機的例子？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video specifically mentions the 2008 crisis, citing Lehman Brothers and the housing market collapse as examples of excessive risk-taking.

影片特別提到了2008年危機，並以雷曼兄弟和房地產市場崩潰為過度冒險的例子。

7 What is a key characteristic of credit unions mentioned in the video? 影片中提到的信用合作社的一個關鍵特徵是什麼？ What is a key characteristic of credit unions mentioned in the video?

影片中提到的信用合作社的一個關鍵特徵是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video states that credit unions focus on shared value rather than profit maximization and are controlled democratically by their members.

影片指出，信用合作社注重共享價值而非利潤最大化，並由其會員民主控制。

8 Crowdfunding platforms allow individuals to get loans from: 群眾募資平台允許個人從以下對象獲得貸款： Crowdfunding platforms allow individuals to get loans from:

群眾募資平台允許個人從以下對象獲得貸款：

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video explains that crowdfunding platforms enable people to get loans from large groups of small investors, bypassing banks.

影片解釋說，群眾募資平台讓個人能夠從大量小額投資者那裡獲得貸款，繞過銀行。

9 What is micro-credit primarily used for, as described in the video? 根據影片描述，微額信貸主要用於什麼？ What is micro-credit primarily used for, as described in the video?

根據影片描述，微額信貸主要用於什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video states that micro-credits are small loans, mainly in developing countries, that help people escape poverty by providing funds to start businesses.

影片指出，微額信貸是小額貸款，主要在發展中國家發放，透過提供資金來開展業務，幫助人們擺脫貧困。

10 The video concludes that the role of providing funds to people and businesses is crucial, and who does it and how it's done is: 影片總結道，為個人和企業提供資金的角色至關重要，而由誰來做以及如何做，取決於： The video concludes that the role of providing funds to people and businesses is crucial, and who does it and how it's done is:

影片總結道，為個人和企業提供資金的角色至關重要，而由誰來做以及如何做，取決於：

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The final statement emphasizes that the future of who provides financing and how it is done is a decision for society.

最後的結論強調，未來的融資提供者以及融資方式，是由我們（社會）來決定的。

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