In today's video, I'm going to explain over a hundred stock market terms that every beginner should know.
在今天的影片中，我將解釋超過一百個每個初學者都應該知道的股市術語。
00:06
To make it simple, I've divided everything into nine simple topics.
為了簡化內容，我將所有內容劃分為九個簡單的主題。
00:11
So, if you want to finally understand how the stock market works and learn some essential investing terms, this video is definitely for you.
因此，如果你想最終了解股市如何運作並學習一些重要的投資術語，這部影片絕對適合你。
00:20
Welcome to Martik Finance, where we explain investing concepts in a simple way.
歡迎來到 Martik Finance，我們以簡單的方式解釋投資概念。
00:25
But first of all, a quick disclaimer. This is not financial advice.
但首先，一個快速免責聲明。這不是財務建議。
00:33
Let's start with the most important question.
讓我們從最重要的問題開始。
00:35
What is a stock?
什麼是股票？
00:37
A stock represents ownership in a company.
股票代表一家公司的所有權。
00:40
If you own a stock, you literally own a piece of that business.
如果你擁有一支股票，你實際上就擁有了那家企業的一部分。
00:44
There are two main types.
股票主要有兩種。
00:46
Common stock and preferred stock.
普通股和優先股。
00:48
Common stock is what most investors buy.
普通股是大多數投資者購買的類型。
00:50
You get a claim on the company's profits and the right to vote on big decisions, but dividends aren't guaranteed.
你可以分享公司的利潤，並有權對重大決策進行投票，但股息不保證發放。
00:58
Preferred stock is different.
優先股則不同。
00:59
You usually don't get voting rights, but you're more likely to receive steady dividends, and you get priority if the company pays out money to shareholders.
你通常沒有投票權，但你更有可能獲得穩定的股息，並且如果公司向股東派發款項，你將獲得優先權。
01:08
Now, instead of just owning one stock, most investors build a portfolio.
現在，大多數投資者不會只擁有一支股票，他們會建立一個投資組合。
01:13
A portfolio is simply a collection of all the investments you hold.
投資組合就是你持有的所有投資的集合。
01:18
Some of those investments might pay a dividend.
其中一些投資可能會支付股息。
01:21
That's when a company shares part of its profits directly with shareholders.
那是公司直接與股東分享其部分利潤的時候。
01:26
But not every company's stock is available to the public.
但並非所有公司的股票都向公眾開放交易。
01:29
A public company is one that has listed its shares on the stock market, while a private company keeps its shares owned by founders or private investors.
公開公司是指已將其股份在股票市場上市的公司，而私人公司則將其股份由創辦人或私人投資者持有。
01:38
To measure how groups of stocks are doing, we look at something called an index.
為了衡量一群股票的表現，我們會看一種稱為指數的東西。
01:43
An index is a collection of stocks designed to represent a piece of the market, and it's used as a benchmark for performance.
指數是一系列股票的集合，旨在代表市場的一部分，並被用作衡量表現的基準。
01:51
For example, the S&P 500 tracks 500 of the biggest US companies, the NASDAQ is known for tech stocks, and the Russell 2000 tracks smaller companies.
When investors talk about trying to beat the market, they usually mean earning a return that's higher than one of these major indexes, especially the S&P 500.
當投資者談論「跑贏大市」時，他們通常是指賺取比這些主要指數（尤其是標普500指數）更高的報酬。
02:15
Since the S&P 500 is often treated as the standard benchmark, if your portfolio does better than it, you've beaten the market.
由於標普500指數通常被視為標準基準，如果你的投資組合表現優於它，你就「跑贏了大市」。
02:23
This is actually really difficult, and only a few investors manage to do it.
這實際上非常困難，只有少數投資者能夠做到。
02:28
All these stocks trade on a stock exchange.
所有這些股票都在證券交易所交易。
02:31
That's the marketplace where buying and selling happens.
那是買賣發生的市場。
02:34
The largest in the US is the New York Stock Exchange.
美國最大的交易所是紐約證券交易所。
02:39
To actually trade, you'll need a brokerage, a platform or service that connects you to the exchange.
要實際進行交易，你需要一家券商，一個將你連接到交易所的平台或服務。
02:46
They may charge a commission, which is just a fee for making the trade.
他們可能會收取佣金，這只是進行交易的費用。
02:51
Every stock is identified by a short code called a ticker symbol, like AAPL for Apple or TSLA for Tesla.
每支股票都由一個稱為股票代號的簡短代碼識別，例如蘋果的AAPL或特斯拉的TSLA。
02:59
Trading happens during official market hours, typically 9.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Eastern Time.
交易發生在官方市場交易時間內，通常是美東時間上午9點半到下午4點。
03:06
The stock price is the current price of one share.
股價是一股的當前價格。
03:09
At the start of the day, we have the opening price, and at the end, the closing price.
在一天開始時，我們有開盤價；在一天結束時，則有收盤價。
03:14
But trading doesn't stop there.
但交易並不止於此。
03:16
There's pre-market trading before the open, and after hours trading once the market closes.
在開盤前有盤前交易，市場收盤後則有盤後交易。
03:22
This is when investors can still buy and sell stocks outside of normal hours, often reacting to news like earnings reports or economic announcements.
這時候投資者仍然可以在正常交易時間之外買賣股票，通常是為了回應像財報或經濟公告這類消息。
03:29
The catch is that these sessions usually have lower volume and lower liquidity.
問題是這些時段通常交易量較低，流動性也較差。
03:35
Here is the volume, which shows how many shares are being traded.
這是成交量，顯示有多少股票正在被交易。
03:39
High volume means lots of activity, while low volume means fewer trades, and finally liquidity, which tells you how easy it is to buy or sell a stock without moving the price too much.
Big popular companies like Apple or Microsoft are very liquid.
像蘋果或微軟這樣的大型熱門公司，流動性都非常高。
03:58
We'll start with market capitalization, which is the total value of a company's stock on the market.
我們將從市值開始，它是公司在市場上的股票總價值。
04:04
You simply multiply the stock price by the number of shares.
你只需將股價乘以股票數量即可。
04:07
Then, there is the enterprise value, which looks not just at stock, but also at debt and cash the company holds, giving a fuller picture of what the business is worth.
接著是企業價值，它不僅考慮股票，還考慮公司持有的債務和現金，更全面地反映了企業的真實價值。
04:18
Revenue is the total income from sales.
營收是來自銷售的總收入。
04:20
After expenses are subtracted, what's left is net income.
扣除費用後，剩下的就是淨利。
04:24
That's the profit.
那就是利潤。
04:25
On the balance sheet, you'll also see assets and liabilities.
在資產負債表上，你還會看到資產和負債。
04:29
Assets are what the company owns, like cash, equipment, or property.
資產是公司所擁有的，例如現金、設備或不動產。
04:34
Liabilities are what it owes, things like loans or debt.
負債是公司所欠的，例如貸款或債務。
04:39
Now, to compare companies, investors use ratios.
現在，為了比較公司，投資者會使用比率。
04:43
One of the most common is earnings per share, EPS.
其中最常見的一個是每股盈餘，簡稱EPS。
04:46
This shows how much profit is made for each share of stock.
這顯示了每股股票賺取了多少利潤。
04:50
For example, if a company earns $100 million in profit and has 50 million shares available, the EPS would be $2 per share.
例如，如果一家公司賺取1億美元的利潤，並擁有5千萬股流通股，那麼每股盈餘將是每股2美元。
04:59
From there, we get the price to earnings ratio.
從此，我們得到本益比。
05:03
It compares the stock price to the earnings per share, showing whether a stock looks expensive or cheap compared to its profits.
它比較股價與每股盈餘，顯示一檔股票相對於其利潤是昂貴還是便宜。
05:11
The peg ratio goes a step further.
PEG比率更進一步。
05:13
It's the PE ratio adjusted for expected growth, helping investors see if a fast-growing company's stock is fairly valued.
它是根據預期成長調整的本益比，幫助投資者判斷一家快速成長公司的股票是否被合理估值。
05:21
For income-focused investors, there's dividend yield.
對於著重收益的投資者來說，有股息殖利率。
05:24
This measures how much you earn in dividends compared to the stock price.
這衡量您從股息中賺取多少，並與股價進行比較。
05:29
Another key factor is free cash flow.
另一個關鍵因素是自由現金流。
05:31
This is the cash a company has left after paying its expenses and investments.
這是公司在支付其費用和投資後所剩餘的現金。
05:36
It's what can be used for dividends, buybacks, or growth.
這些現金可用於發放股息、股票回購或公司成長。
05:41
Finally, let's look at profitability margins.
最後，我們來看看獲利率。
05:45
Gross margin tells you how much money a company keeps from sales after paying for the direct costs of making its product.
毛利率告訴您，公司在支付其產品的直接製造成本後，從銷售中保留了多少錢。
05:52
Operating margin goes a step further, showing what's left after paying for things like salaries, rent, and other business expenses.
營益率則更進一步，顯示在支付薪資、租金及其他營運費用後所剩餘的金額。
06:00
Finally, net profit margin is the true bottom line.
最後，淨利率才是真正的最終獲利。
06:04
The percentage of revenue left after all costs, including taxes and interest, are taken out.
這是扣除所有成本（包括稅金和利息）後，營收中剩餘的百分比。
06:14
A growth stock is a company that's expected to grow quickly, often reinvesting profits instead of paying dividends.
成長股是指預期會快速成長的公司，通常會將利潤再投資而非支付股息。
06:21
Think of tech companies that focus on expansion.
想像一下那些專注於擴張的科技公司。
06:24
A value stock is the opposite.
價值股則相反。
06:25
It's a company that looks cheap compared to its fundamentals.
它是一家相對於其基本面而言，股價看起來便宜的公司。
06:29
Investors buy them hoping the market will eventually recognize their true worth.
投資者購買它們，是希望市場最終會認可其真實價值。
06:35
Then we have blue chip stocks.
接著我們有藍籌股。
06:37
These are large, well-established companies with strong reputations, like Coca-Cola or Johnson & Johnson.
這些是大型、歷史悠久且聲譽良好的公司，例如可口可樂或嬌生。
06:43
They're considered stable and reliable.
它們被認為穩定可靠。
06:46
Some stocks move with the economy.
有些股票會隨經濟波動。
06:48
These are called cyclical stocks.
這些被稱為景氣循環股。
06:50
For example, car companies or airlines usually do well when the economy is booming, but struggle during recessions.
例如，汽車公司或航空公司通常在經濟繁榮時表現良好，但在經濟衰退時則舉步維艱。
06:59
On the other hand, defensive stocks are more stable in any economy.
另一方面，防禦型股票在任何經濟環境下都更為穩定。
07:03
Companies that sell essentials, like food, utilities, or health care, tend to hold up even in tough times.
銷售必需品的公司，例如食品、公用事業或醫療保健，即使在艱難時期也能保持韌性。
07:10
Stocks can also be grouped by size.
股票也可以按市值規模分組。
07:13
A large cap company is worth over $10 billion.
大型股公司市值超過100億美元。
07:16
A midcap is between $2 and $10 billion.
中型股市值介於20億至100億美元之間。
07:19
And a small cap is under $2 billion.
而小型股市值則低於20億美元。
07:22
And finally, penny stocks are very low-priced shares, usually under $5.
最後，便士股是價格非常低的股票，通常每股不到5美元。
07:27
They're highly speculative and risky, but sometimes attract investors looking for big wins.
它們投機性強且風險高，但有時會吸引尋求高額回報的投資者。
07:38
A mutual fund pulls money from many investors to buy a mix of stocks, bonds, or other assets.
共同基金匯集眾多投資者的資金，投資於股票、債券或其他資產的組合。
07:44
A professional manager chooses the investments and adjusts the portfolio over time.
專業經理人選擇投資標的，並隨時間調整投資組合。
07:50
An ETF, or Exchange Traded Fund, works a lot like a mutual fund, but trades like a stock on an exchange.
ETF，即交易所買賣基金，運作方式與共同基金非常相似，但像股票一樣在交易所買賣。
07:58
You can buy or sell it any time during market hours, making it flexible and easy to trade.
您可以在交易時段內隨時買賣，使其具有彈性且易於交易。
08:03
Many ETFs track a whole market index or a sector, like technology or health care.
許多ETF追蹤整個市場指數或特定產業，例如科技或醫療保健。
08:09
An index fund is a type of mutual fund or ETF that simply tracks a market index, like the S&P 500.
指數基金是一種共同基金或ETF，僅僅追蹤市場指數，例如標準普爾500指數。
08:18
Instead of trying to beat the market, it aims to match it, which keeps costs low and makes it a favorite for long-term investors.
它不追求跑贏大盤，而是旨在與大盤表現一致，這降低了成本，使其成為長期投資者的首選。
08:27
Some funds are more specialized, like a hedge fund, which uses advanced strategies like short-selling or leverage to try to generate high returns.
有些基金更為專業化，例如對沖基金，它採用進階策略，例如賣空或槓桿，試圖產生高回報。
08:36
Hedge funds are usually for wealthy investors, because they carry higher risk and require more capital to get started.
對沖基金通常適合富裕投資者，因為它們具有較高風險，且需要更多資金才能開始。
08:43
There are also tax-advantaged accounts like a Roth IRA, which allows your investments to grow tax-free.
還有稅務優惠帳戶，例如羅斯個人退休帳戶（Roth IRA），它允許您的投資免稅增長。
08:50
You contribute with after-tax money, and when you retire, withdrawals, including growth, are generally tax-free.
您用稅後資金供款，退休時，提款（包括增長部分）通常是免稅的。
08:57
It's a popular way to save for retirement.
這是儲蓄退休金的熱門方式。
09:01
Beyond stocks and funds, there are commodities, like gold, oil, or agricultural products, which can be bought directly or through funds.
除了股票和基金，還有大宗商品，例如黃金、石油或農產品，可以直接購買或透過基金購買。
09:10
Bonds are essentially loans you give to a company or government.
債券本質上是您借給公司或政府的貸款。
09:14
In return, they promise to pay you interest, usually at a fixed rate, over a set period, and then return your original investment, called the principal, when the bond matures.
Currencies let you invest in money from around the world, like dollars, euros, or yen.
貨幣讓您可以投資來自世界各地的錢，例如美元、歐元或日圓。
09:32
And then there's cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which are digital assets that trade independently of traditional markets.
還有加密貨幣，例如比特幣或以太幣，它們是獨立於傳統市場交易的數位資產。
09:44
One key concept is volatility, which measures how much stock prices move up and down.
一個關鍵概念是波動性，它衡量股價上下波動的幅度。
09:49
Highly volatile stocks swing a lot in price, while low volatility stocks are more stable.
高波動性股票價格波動劇烈，而低波動性股票則較為穩定。
09:55
Investors often track the VIX, also called the FEAR index.
投資者經常追蹤VIX指數，也稱為恐慌指數。
10:00
It measures expected volatility in the S&P 500 over the next 30 days.
它衡量標準普爾500指數未來30天的預期波動性。
10:05
When the VIX is high, it shows that traders expect big swings in the market.
當VIX指數很高時，表示交易員預期市場將出現大幅波動。
10:11
A bull market happens when prices are rising over a long period.
當價格在很長一段時間內上漲時，就會出現牛市。
10:15
Optimism is high, and investors are confident.
樂觀情緒高漲，投資者充滿信心。
10:18
The opposite is a bear market, when prices are falling and pessimism dominates.
相反的是熊市，此時價格下跌，悲觀情緒主導。
10:24
Sometimes the market pulls back temporarily without changing the overall trend.
有時市場會暫時回檔，但不會改變整體趨勢。
10:29
This is called a correction, usually a drop of about 10% from recent highs.
這稱為修正，通常是從近期高點下跌約10%。
10:34
When prices climb sharply after a dip, that's a rally.
當價格在下跌後急劇攀升時，那就是反彈。
10:38
On the extreme end, a crash is a sudden and severe drop in stock prices, often caused by panic or major events.
在極端情況下，崩盤是指股價突然且嚴重下跌，通常由恐慌或重大事件引起。
10:47
A market bubble happens when prices rise far above a company's actual value, driven by speculation or hype, eventually bubbles burst, and prices can fall dramatically.
當價格因投機或炒作而遠遠超出公司實際價值時，就會出現市場泡沫，最終泡沫破裂，價格可能大幅下跌。
10:59
Finally, market sentiment describes how investors feel about the market overall.
最後，市場情緒描述了投資者對整體市場的感受。
11:04
Are they optimistic, fearful, or somewhere in between?
他們是樂觀、恐懼，還是介於兩者之間？
11:08
Sentiment can strongly influence trends, sometimes even more than company fundamentals.
市場情緒能強烈影響趨勢，有時甚至比公司基本面更甚。
11:18
Passive investing is a long-term approach where you buy a broad market index or fund and hold it, without trying to pick individual winners.
被動式投資是一種長期策略，即買入並持有廣泛市場指數或基金，不試圖挑選個別贏家。
11:27
It's simple, low cost, and often matches market returns.
它簡單、低成本，且通常能達到市場回報。
11:31
A common tactic within passive investing is dollar cost averaging, or DCA.
被動式投資中常見的策略是平均成本法，簡稱DCA。
11:37
This is when you invest a fixed amount regularly, like every month.
這指的是定期（例如每月）投資固定金額。
11:41
It helps smooth out market ups and downs over time.
它有助於長期緩和市場波動。
11:45
Alternatively, lump sum investing is putting a large amount of money in the market all at once.
另一種方式是整筆投資，即一次性將大筆資金投入市場。
11:51
While it can grow faster if the market rises, it's riskier if prices drop right after.
雖然市場上漲時它可能增長更快，但若隨後價格下跌，風險則較高。
11:58
Active investing is the opposite of passive.
主動式投資與被動式投資相反。
12:02
Active investors pick individual stocks or try to time the market to outperform the averages.
主動型投資者會挑選個別股票，或試圖掌握市場時機以跑贏大盤。
12:08
Some strategies are about timing and opportunity.
有些策略著重於時機和機會。
12:11
Buy the dip means purchasing a stock after it drops in price, hoping it will recover.
逢低買入是指在股價下跌後買入股票，希望它能回升。
12:18
Buy and hold is simply buying good companies and holding them for years, letting compounding work its magic.
買入並持有就是簡單地買入好公司並持有數年，讓複利發揮其魔力。
12:26
Market timing is trying to predict the best moments to enter or exit the market.
市場擇時是指試圖預測進出市場的最佳時機。
12:32
It's very difficult and risky, even for professionals.
這非常困難且風險高，即使對專業人士而言亦是如此。
12:36
Some approaches are more analytical.
有些方法更具分析性。
12:39
Speculation is taking high-risk positions, hoping for big gains.
投機是指採取高風險倉位，以期獲得巨額收益。
12:44
While fundamental analysis studies a company's financial health, management, and industry, technical analysis looks at price charts and trends to forecast movements, and macro analysis examines the overall economy, interest rates, and global trends to guide investment decisions.
One of the most famous corporate actions is the initial public offering.
最著名的公司行動之一是首次公開募股。
13:12
This is when a private company sells shares to the public for the first time, opening up ownership to everyday investors.
這是指私人公司首次向公眾出售股票，讓一般投資者也能擁有所有權。
13:19
After a company is public, it might do a secondary offering, issuing additional shares to raise more money.
公司上市後，可能會進行二次發行，發行額外股票以籌集更多資金。
13:26
Sometimes a company wants to reduce the number of shares on the market.
有時公司會希望減少市場上的股票數量。
13:30
A buyback or share repurchase happens when a company buys its own stock, which can increase the value of remaining shares.
股票回購是指公司買回自己的股票，這可以提高剩餘股票的價值。
13:39
A stock split increases the number of shares by dividing existing ones.
股票分割是透過分割現有股票來增加股票數量。
13:43
For example, in a two-for-one split, you get two shares for everyone you own, and the stock prices halved.
例如，在一拆二的股票分割中，您持有的每一股會變成兩股，而股價則會減半。
13:52
A reverse stock split does the opposite.
反向股票分割的作用則相反。
13:55
It combines shares to increase the price, often to meet exchange requirements.
它合併股票以提高股價，通常是為了符合交易所要求。
14:00
Companies also grow by buying others.
公司也會透過收購其他公司來成長。
14:03
An acquisition happens when one company purchases another, which can affect stock prices for both.
收購是指一家公司購買另一家公司，這可能會影響兩家公司的股價。
14:09
Investors in dividend-paying stocks should know key dates.
投資派發股息股票的投資者應了解關鍵日期。
14:13
The ex-dividend date is the cutoff to qualify for the next dividend.
除息日是符合資格領取下一期股息的截止日期。
14:18
The payment date is when the dividend is actually sent to shareholders.
派息日是股息實際發放給股東的日期。
14:24
Finally, an insider is someone with access to non-public company information, like executives or board members.
最後，內部人是指能夠接觸非公開公司資訊的人，例如高階主管或董事會成員。
14:32
Insider actions and trades are closely monitored to prevent unfair advantages.
內部人的行為和交易受到嚴密監控，以防止不公平的優勢。
14:41
One of the most important tools is diversification.
最重要的工具之一是多元化。
14:45
This means spreading your investments across different stocks, sectors, or asset types, so that a loss in one area doesn't sink your whole portfolio.
這意味著將您的投資分散到不同的股票、產業或資產類型，這樣一個領域的損失就不會拖垮您的整個投資組合。
14:55
Asset allocation takes diversification a step further.
資產配置將多元化更進一步。
14:59
It's about dividing your money between different types of assets, like stocks, bonds, or cash, based on your goals and risk tolerance.
它是根據您的目標和風險承受能力，將您的資金分配到不同類型的資產之間，例如股票、債券或現金。
15:07
Over time, some investments grow faster than others, which can throw your portfolio out of balance.
隨著時間的推移，有些投資成長速度比其他投資快，這可能會導致您的投資組合失衡。
15:14
Rebalancing is the process of adjusting your holdings to return to your original target allocation.
再平衡是調整您的持股以恢復原始目標配置的過程。
15:20
Investors also measure performance using metrics like alpha and beta.
投資者也使用阿爾法（alpha）和貝塔（beta）等指標來衡量績效。
15:25
Alpha shows how much a portfolio outperforms or underperforms the market.
阿爾法顯示投資組合相較於市場表現超出或落後多少。
15:30
Beta measures how sensitive your portfolio is to overall market movements.
貝塔衡量您的投資組合對整體市場變動的敏感度。
15:33
Higher beta means more volatility.
較高的貝塔意味著較高的波動性。
15:37
The sharp ratio is another key metric.
夏普比率（Sharpe ratio）是另一個關鍵指標。
15:39
It shows how much return you're getting for the risk you're taking.
它顯示您為承擔的風險所獲得的回報有多少。
15:43
A higher sharp ratio means better risk-adjusted returns.
較高的夏普比率意味著較佳的風險調整後報酬。
15:46
Correlation tells you how closely two investments move together.
相關性告訴您兩種投資的連動程度。
15:50
If two stocks are highly correlated, they tend to rise and fall together, which affects your diversification strategy.
如果兩種股票高度相關，它們傾向於一起漲跌，這會影響您的分散化策略。
15:58
Finally, understanding types of risk is crucial.
最後，了解風險類型至關重要。
16:02
Systematic risk affects the entire market, like recessions or interest rate changes.
系統性風險影響整個市場，例如經濟衰退或利率變動。
16:08
Unsystematic risk is specific to a single company or sector, and can usually be reduced through diversification.
非系統性風險特定於單一公司或產業，通常可透過分散化來降低。
16:19
Inflation is when prices for goods and services rise over time, which means your money buys less than before.
通貨膨脹是指商品和服務的價格隨時間上漲，這意味著您的金錢購買力不如以往。
16:26
Deflation is the opposite when prices fall, which can slow economic growth.
通貨緊縮是相反的情況，價格下跌，可能減緩經濟成長。
16:33
Sometimes the economy faces a rare situation called stagflation, where prices rise but growth stalls and unemployment is high.
有時經濟會面臨一種罕見的情況，稱為停滯性通膨，即物價上漲但經濟成長停滯且失業率很高。
16:41
A recession happens when the economy shrinks for several months, often measured by falling GDP.
經濟衰退發生在經濟連續數月萎縮時，通常以GDP下降來衡量。
16:47
During recessions, companies earn less and stock prices often drop.
在經濟衰退期間，公司獲利減少，股價經常下跌。
16:52
Governments and central banks use different tools to manage the economy.
政府和中央銀行使用不同的工具來管理經濟。
16:56
Monetary policy is controlled by central banks, like the Federal Reserve in the U.S., and includes actions like changing the interest rate or controlling money supply to influence growth and inflation.
Fiscal policy, on the other hand, is what the government does with spending and taxes.
另一方面，財政政策是指政府在支出和稅收方面的作為。
17:13
Increasing spending or cutting taxes can stimulate the economy, while reducing spending or raising taxes can slow it down.
增加支出或減稅可以刺激經濟，而減少支出或增稅則可以使其放緩。
17:19
And that's a wrap for today's video. Of course, we didn't dive deeply into every single term, because the goal was to cover as many stock market terms as possible for beginners.
