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the three main financial statements simply explained hi and welcome everyone my name is Johannes and I'm an expert
三大財務報表簡單解說。嗨，歡迎大家，我是 Johannes，我是一名專家
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and career coach for careers in Consulting finance and management and so far we have helped more than 100 clients
以及針對諮詢、金融和管理領域的職涯教練，到目前為止我們已經協助超過 100 位客戶
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to achieve their career goals in Consulting finance and management and today I want to talk about financial
在諮詢、金融和管理領域達成他們的職涯目標，而今天我想談談財務
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statements you see the point is that if you work in Consulting if you work in finance but also if you work in strategy
報表。重點是，如果你從事諮詢業、從事金融業，或者從事策略
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and management reading and understanding financial statements is so important and still although the majority of people
和管理，閱讀和理解財務報表是如此重要，然而，儘管大多數人
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have a background in business if they want to go in these uh into these industries they often lack the a deeper
都有商科背景，如果他們想進入這些產業，他們往往缺乏對
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understanding of the three financial statements that's why I want to do a short video about um the three financial
三大財務報表更深入的理解。這就是為什麼我想做一個關於三大財務
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statements and how they are linked together and how they actually work okay so if you want to prepare for an
報表的短片，講述它們如何相互連結以及實際運作方式。好的，所以如果你想要準備面試
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interview for example if you're already in your job or even if you're in a leadership position this is definitely a
例如，如果你已經在工作，或者甚至如果你身處領導職位，這絕對是
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good video to watch because it will recap the basic concepts of the three financial statements so let's start
一部值得觀看的好影片，因為它會複習三大財務報表的基本概念，那麼讓我們
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directly into it and the three financial statements are first the p&l statement so the income statement then second the
直接開始。三大財務報表首先是損益表（P&L statement），也就是損益表（income statement），接著第二是
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cash flow statement and then third the balance sheet so let's write it down we have the income
現金流量表，然後第三是資產負債表。讓我們寫下來，我們有損益表
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statement then the second one one is typically the cash flow statement I will just write
（income statement），然後第二個通常是現金流量表，我就寫
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CF statement and then we have the balance sheet and these are the three main
CF statement（現金流量表），然後我們有資產負債表，這些就是三大主要
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financial statements and now let's go through these statements one by one so the income statement typically tracks
財務報表。現在讓我們逐一檢視這些報表。損益表通常追蹤
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all the revenues that you make and also all the cost and at the end the outcome of the
你賺取的所有營收以及所有的成本，而最終，這張報表的
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statement is the profit and you use this statement typically as a manager as a consultant as someone Finance to
結果就是利潤。你使用這張報表通常是作為經理人、顧問或金融從業人員，用來
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understand if the operation or if the company makes a profit okay from its operations and that's the main purpose
了解營運或公司是否從其營運中獲利。好的，這就是
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of the income statement so you typically start with the revenue and then you deduct the costs
損益表的主要目的。所以你通常從營收開始，然後扣除成本
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and typically the costs are first of all the so the costs of um goods sold so this is material cost
而通常成本首先是所謂的銷貨成本（cost of goods sold），也就是材料成本
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this is the cost that companies pay to produce it like direct labor for example
這是公司為了生產而支付的成本，例如直接人工成本
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and then typically also minus sgna a which means sales General General and administrative costs and these are
然後通常也會減去 SG&A，這代表銷售、一般及行政成本，這些是
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typically the so-called overhead costs so Administration if you pay rent Etc and in a very simplified way this is
通常所謂的間接成本，例如行政部門，如果你支付租金等等，以一種非常簡化的方式，這就是
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what the um income statement looks like and you have to profit at the
損益表的樣子，而在最後你會得到一個利潤
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end well in reality it's much more complicated of course so you have um depreciation included you have other uh
當然在現實中這要複雜得多，所以你有折舊包含在內，利潤中還有其他
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positions um in the profit there are different forms of profit like ebit ebda net income and so on but I want to keep
項目，利潤有不同的形式，例如 EBIT、EBITDA、淨利等等，但我想要保持
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it very very simplified we can discuss this in other videos but for this purpose here I just want to keep it like
非常非常簡化，我們可以在其他影片中討論這個，但在此目的下，我只想保持這樣
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that then let's talk about the cash flow statement so we have three main cash flows okay so the first one is the cash
那麼，我們來談談現金流量表，我們有三個主要的現金流，好的，第一個是
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flow from operating activities so it's the operating cash flow right and this is basically the
營業活動的現金流，也就是營業現金流，對吧，這基本上是
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cash flow that the company makes from its operating activities I will talk about how that is linked to the profit
公司透過其營業活動產生的現金流，我稍後會談到這與利潤是如何連結的
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in a second all right then the second cash flow is the financing cash flow and typically the financing cash flow is
好的，然後第二個現金流是融資現金流，通常融資現金流是
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a cash flow from a company um that they use to finance their business activities so most cases if they take on a loan for
公司用來為其營運活動融資的現金流，所以在大多數情況下，如果他們舉債
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example this would be a positive sign uh number here in the financing cash flow but also if they pay out dividends for
例如，這在融資現金流中會是一個正數的數字，但如果他們支付股利
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uh if they pay out dividends for example this can also be a negative cash flow right and this is the second cash flow
例如，這也可能是一個負的現金流，對吧，而這是第二個現金流
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the financing cash flow then the third cash flow this is the investing cash flow plus investing cash cash
融資現金流，然後第三個現金流是投資現金流
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flow and in most cases this is a negative C cash flow so this would be like the capex or the capital
而在大多數情況下，這是一個負的現金流，所以這會像是資本支出
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expenditures so everything the business typically pays or like invests to F uh to um uh yeah to make more profit so
或是公司為了賺更多錢而通常支付或投資的一切
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this could be an investment in a new Machinery this could be an investment in uh new business areas uh or like even in
這可以是對新機器的投資，可以是對新營運領域的投資，甚至像是
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real estate for example okay so this would be the investing uh cash flow and typically the operating um cash flow
房地產，例如，好的，這就是投資現金流，而通常營業現金流
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should be positive if the company generates profit the financing cash flow in most cases also positive because like
如果公司產生利潤，應該是正的，融資現金流在大多數情況下也是正的，因為像是
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this is money that the company receives and the investing cash flow in most cases is negative because this is money
這是公司營運活動所收到的資金，而投資活動的現金流在多數情況下是負的，因為這是公司支出的資金
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that the company spends all right and the result of that is the total cash flow
而這兩者的結果就是總現金流
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all right and this is the Casual statement I will explain how this all ties together in a second and then the
好的，這是現金流量表，我稍後會解釋這三者如何相互關聯，接著第三張報表是
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third statement is the balance sheet so in the balance sheet the companies track all their assets and the liabilities and
資產負債表，在資產負債表中，公司追蹤其所有資產、負債以及
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also the equity so typically you have all the assets and in most cases let me
股東權益。通常你會列出所有資產，而在大多數情況下，讓我稍微
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visualize that a little bit in most cases you list here all the assets you have typically non-current current
視覺化一下，在多數情況下，你會在這裡列出所有擁有的資產，通常分為流動資產與
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assets and non-current assets so this is everything the company owes this can be cash this can be machinery and so on so
非流動資產，所以這是公司所擁有的全部，可能是現金，也可能是機械設備等等，因此
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these are the assets and on the other side you typically have two positions you have the
這些是資產，而在另一邊，通常有兩個項目，分別是
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equity and you have the liabilities right so Equity is the cash
股東權益與負債，對吧。所謂股東權益，就是
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from the stakeholders or from the sorry from the shareholders that they have in the Venture and all
來自利害關係人，或者抱歉，是來自股東投入這家 venture 的資金，而所有
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the liabilities um these are all the loans that the company takes for example okay
負債，嗯，這些是公司借貸的所有款項，例如好的
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and this together is the total balance all right so this is a short
這兩者加總就是總資產，好的，這是對
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overview over the three statements and let's briefly discuss what they show so the income statement basically shows as
三大報表的簡要概述，讓我們簡短討論一下它們顯示的內容，所以損益表基本上顯示了
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I mentioned before if the company is able to generate profit from their operating activities okay so we want to
如我之前所提，公司是否能從其營運活動中產生利潤，好的，如果我們
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if we want to see if the business model is good if the companies run properly then typically the income statement is a
想要知道商業模式是否良好，公司是否正常運營，那麼損益表通常是一個
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very good place to start the cash flow statement tracks all the cash flows you see even if a company makes profit maybe
很好的起點。現金流量表追蹤所有現金流，你會看到，即使一家公司有獲利，也許
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you know they invest a lot of money and they still can have like a negative cash flow so despite making profit the
他們投資了大量資金，仍然可能出現負的現金流，所以儘管有獲利，
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company can make a negative cash flow so this is why we track all the cash flows to understand how the cash balance
公司仍可能產生負的現金流，這就是為什麼我們要追蹤所有現金流，以了解現金餘額
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really changes or how the cash flow changes right and then in the balance sheet we track all of the um all of the
實際是如何變化的，或者說現金流是如何變化的，對吧。接著在資產負債表中，我們追蹤所有
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assets the equity and the liability so this is what the company all owns so now the big question is how do these three
資產、股東權益與負債，這是公司所擁有的全部。那麼現在最大的問題是，這三張報表如何相互關聯
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financial statements all tie together and typically we start with the income statement so we start with the revenue
財務報表都是相互關聯的，通常我們從損益表開始，所以從營業收入開始
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then we deduct the cost and then we get to a profit now the profit is typically the income H the the input for the
然後我們扣除成本，接著得到利潤，而利潤通常是營業現金流的輸入值
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operating cash flow all right so from The Profit the profit typically goes here into the operating cash flow all
營業現金流，好的，所以利潤通常會進入營業現金流
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right so a company makes Revenue you have to cost and they make a profit and the profit is typically the start or is
好的，所以一家公司創造營業收入，必須支付成本，然後他們創造利潤，而利潤通常是營業現金流的起點
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the operating cash flow this is a very simplified version of course the calculation is a bit more uh difficult
這當然是一個非常簡化的版本，計算起來會稍微困難一些
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because here in these cost positions for example you would also have like DNA so de amortization which is basically a
因為在這些成本項目中，例如你會有折舊與攤銷（D&A），這基本上是一項
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non-cash impacting um activity so you would have to remove it from the um operating cash flow but for a simplified
不影響現金的活動，所以你必須將其從營業現金流中移除，但為了簡化起見
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reason let's um assume that profit is the same as operating cash flow then from the operating cash flow we add the
我們假設利潤等於營業現金流，然後從營業現金流我們加上
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financing cash flow and the investing cash flow and then we get to the C total cash flow and the total cash flow is
籌資現金流和投資現金流，接著我們得到總現金流，而總現金流
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typically something or the change of the total cash flow so the change from the last period to the next one is something
通常是某個東西，或者總現金流的變動，所以從上一期到下一期的變動是某個
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that goes into the assets right as a cash position and this is the direct relationship between these three
會進入資產的東西，作為現金部位，而這就是這三份
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statements and now if you understood that you can explain how companies make money so the main purpose of a company
報表之間的直接關係，現在如果你理解了，你就能解釋公司如何賺錢，所以公司的主要
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is to incre to increase the equity right because like you as a company owner you want to increase your Equity this is
目的是要增加股東權益，對吧？因為就像你作為公司所有者，你希望增加你的權益，這就是
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what you want to do and the way you do it is that you have a business that has or that generate generates Pro profit so
你想要做的，而你達成的方式是擁有一項擁有或能產生利潤的業務，所以
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you want to have a healthy business that generates profit assuming that all the other cash flows stay same stay the same
你希望擁有一個健康的、能產生利潤的事業，假設所有其他現金流保持相同或
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or are um are neutral then a increasing or a a good profit leads to a good cash flow so you have a increase of your cash
保持不變，或是中性的，那麼利潤增加或良好的利潤會帶來良好的現金流，所以你的現金
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balance the increase of your cash balance goes as a cash position into the assets and if all the assets increase
餘額會增加，現金餘額的增加會作為現金部位進入資產，如果所有資產增加
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then the equity increases and this is how shareholders make money so you say if the profit
那麼股東權益就會增加，這就是股東賺錢的方式，所以你說如果利潤
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increases then the operating cash flow increases then typically the total cash flow increases so the change in cash
增加，那麼營業現金流增加，接著通常總現金流也會增加，所以現金的
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increases this leads to an increase of the assets and this assuming that the liabilities are the same leads to an
變動會增加，這會導致資產增加，而假設負債保持相同，這會導致
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increase in equity all right and this is how companies make money okay and this is how companies in a very simplified
權益增加，好的，這就是公司如何賺錢的，好的，這就是公司如何運作的，在一個非常簡化的版本中
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version actually work keep in mind that we have a lot of simp simplifications here so the income saving is very
實際上是如何運作的，請記住我們在這裡做了很多簡化，所以收入和儲蓄是非常
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simplified we don't have like depreciation amortization also like all the um tax um effects Etc we don't
簡化的，我們沒有像折舊、攤銷這樣的东西，也沒有像所有嗯稅務嗯影響等等，我們沒有
10:42
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include it also we have a simplified assumption that profit is like operating cash flow which is also not directly
包含它，同時我們也做了一個簡化的假設，那就是利潤就像是經營現金流，這其實也不是完全
10:48
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true and also like here on the balance sheet you could uh uh make it a bit more H or we could have listed the assets in
正確的，而且像在這裡的資產負債表上，你可以嗯嗯讓它更詳細一點，或者我們可以更詳細地列出資產，但
10:55
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a bit more detail but on a superficial level this is how it works and if you understood that then you will be able to
在表面上，它就是這樣運作的，如果你理解了這一點，那麼你將能夠
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work with these statements also in a little bit uh in a in a bit more detail because the most important thing at the
更詳細地處理這些報表，因為在最開始，如果你試圖理解所有這些報表，最重要的事情是
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beginning if you try to understand all these statements is to understand the big picture and from there you can do
理解宏觀圖景，然後從那裡你可以進行
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the Deep Dice and understand or like learn more about how these individual statements really work and then you can
深入探討，理解或學習更多關於這些個別報表實際上是如何運作的，然後你也可以
11:23
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also learn all the nitty-gritty details that will be relevant for the interviews or your job so with that being said I
學習所有將在面試或你的工作中相關的細節，所以說到這裡，我
11:29
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hope this helped you to understand how the three financial statements in a very simplified version actually work if you
希望這能幫助你理解這三張財務報表在一個非常簡化的版本中實際上是如何運作的，如果你想
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want to prepare for your interviews in finance consulting or strategy position or if you want to take the next step in
為你在金融、諮詢或策略職位的面試做準備，或者如果你想在你的職業生涯中更進一步，如果你已經在這些行業工作，那麼請聯繫我們，我們可以幫助你在你的
11:42
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your career if you're already working in these industries then reach out to us we can help you to take the next step in
職業生涯中更進一步，所以你可以預約一個免費諮詢，網址是 Consulting H 抱歉 careerbootcamp.org，所以網站是
11:48
🎙️
your career so you can book a free consultation at Consulting H sorry career boot camp.org so the website is
careerbootcamp.org，所以請去看看並申請一個免費諮詢，說到這裡，
11:56
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career boot camp.org so check it out and apply for a free consultation and with that being
我們下支影片見
12:03
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said see you in the next videos
說了，我們下支影片見
