It's the Hidden Videos that help you learn economics.
這些隱藏影片能幫助你學習經濟學。
00:32
These summary videos, they cover everything in greater detail than this video I'm doing right now.
這些摘要影片涵蓋的內容比我現在製作的這部影片更詳細。
00:36
I was going to make this video available only to people who buy the packet, but then I thought,
我本來打算只提供給購買套裝的人觀看這部影片，但後來我想到，
00:40
"You know, I can trust people, man. If you like my videos, if these videos help you learn economics,
「你知道嗎，我信任人們。如果你喜歡我的影片，如果這些影片能幫助你學習經濟學，
00:44
please go get the packet. I'm going to make this video available to everyone, but if you like my stuff,
請去購買套裝。我會將這部影片開放給所有人觀看，但如果你喜歡我的內容，
00:49
please support my channel and help me continue to make great econ videos, okay? Let's start it up."
請支持我的頻道，幫助我繼續製作優質的經濟學影片，好嗎？我們開始吧。」
00:54
Now, whether or not you're enrolled in a microeconomics class or a macroeconomics class,
無論你是否註冊了個體經濟學課程或總體經濟學課程，
00:57
it all starts the same for a basic introductory econ course. It starts with the idea of scarcity.
對於基礎入門的經濟學課程來說，一切的起點都是相同的。它始於稀缺性的概念。
01:02
Here's the idea is we have unlimited wants and limited resources. Also, you're going to learn the idea of opportunity costs.
我們的想法是，我們擁有無限的慾望和有限的資源。此外，你將學到機會成本的概念。
01:07
That's the idea that everything has a cost, right? It doesn't matter what you're producing.
這就是萬事萬物都有成本的概念，對吧？你生產什麼並不重要。
01:10
You've got to give up something to produce it. Any decision you make has a cost.
你必須放棄一些東西才能生產它。你做的任何決定都有成本。
01:13
Now, those concepts come together with the production possibilities curve. It's the first graph you learn in economics.
現在，這些概念與生產可能性曲線結合在一起。這是你在經濟學中學到的第一張圖表。
01:19
It shows the different combinations of producing two different goods using all of your resources.
它顯示了使用你所有資源生產兩種不同商品的各種組合。
01:23
So any point on the curve is efficient, like you're using all of your resources to the fullest.
所以曲線上的任何一點都是有效率的，就像你充分利用了你所有的資源。
01:27
Any point inside the curve is inefficient. Any point out here, outside the curve, is impossible given your current resources.
曲線內的任何一點都是無效率的。這裡曲線外的任何一點，以你目前的資源來說是不可能的。
01:33
And there's two different shapes you have to remember. If it's a straight line, production possibly is curved.
有兩種不同的形狀你必須記住。如果它是一條直線，生產可能性曲線。
01:37
That means there's constant opportunity costs, which means the resources to produce the different products are very similar.
這意味著機會成本是恆定的，這意味著生產不同產品的資源非常相似。
01:43
So similar resources, if it's a straight line, if it's a boat outline, concave to the origin, that means that resources are not very similar.
所以相似的資源，如果是一條直線，如果是船形輪廓，凹向原點，這意味著資源並不那麼相似。
01:50
So when you produce more of one, you have to get more and more of the other one. That's called the law of increasing opportunity costs.
所以當你生產一種產品更多時，你必須放棄另一種產品越來越多。這稱為邊際機會成本遞增法則。
01:55
Now, this curve can shift if you have more resources like land, labor, capital, or less resources or better technology.
現在，這條曲線可能會移動，如果你有更多的資源，如土地、勞動力、資本，或更少的資源，或更好的技術。
02:01
That can shift the curve. Another thing that shifts the curve is trade. If another country trades with another country, that can shift out their production possibly is curved.
But it shows how much they can consume, not actually produce. So it doesn't actually change how much you can make, but you can consume beyond your production possibly is curved.
And that brings us to the hardest part of this unit, the idea of comparative advantage.
這就引導我們來到這個單元最困難的部分，比較優勢的概念。
02:20
Comparative advantage is the idea that countries should specialize in the product where they have a lower opportunity cost.
比較優勢是指國家應該專注於生產他們機會成本較低的產品。
02:25
So if you're producing one thing and I'm producing something else, if I can produce a lower opportunity cost than you, I should produce this, you should produce another thing, and then we should trade.
Now, there's two different things you've got to remember, absolute advantage and comparative advantage.
現在，有兩件不同的事情你必須記住，絕對優勢和比較優勢。
02:36
Absolute advantage is a joke. It's easy. You just figure out who produces more. That means they have an absolute advantage.
絕對優勢是小菜一碟。它很容易。你只需要找出誰生產得更多。這意味著他們擁有絕對優勢。
02:41
Comparative advantage requires you to do some calculations or the quick and dirty if you saw my unit summary video and it tells you who should specialize in what.
Now, another thing you have to learn is the idea of terms of trade, which means how many units of one product should they trade for the other product that wouldn't benefit both countries.
現在，你還必須學習貿易條件的概念，這意味著一種產品應該交換多少單位才能讓兩國都受益。
02:56
That's the idea of terms of trade. In this unit, you also get a basic overview of different economic systems like the free market system, capitalism, and the idea of a command economy and a mixed economy.
Now together, they form equilibrium. Please note, if price goes up, there is no shift.
現在，它們結合起來形成均衡。請注意，如果價格上漲，不會發生移動。
04:19
Price does not shift the curve. It just moves along the curve, creates either a shortage when the price is low, or a surplus when the price is higher.
價格不會移動曲線。它只是沿著曲線移動，在價格較低時造成短缺，或在價格較高時造成過剩。
04:25
You should also understand when there's actual individual shifts. So there's only four things that are going to happen.
您還應該了解實際的個別移動。所以只會發生四種情況。
04:30
Demand can go up, demand can go down. Supply can go up, or supply can go down.
需求可以增加，需求可以減少。供給可以增加，或者供給可以減少。
04:34
And you just watch the graph, draw the graph, tell you exactly what happens to price and quantity every single time.
您只需要觀察圖表，繪製圖表，就能確切地告訴您每次價格和數量的變化。
04:39
But my quick-numbers class, you get a lot more details about the supply and demand graph, and ceilings and floors, and all sorts of crazy other stuff.
但在我的速成班中，您會學到更多關於供需圖、價格上限和下限以及其他各種瘋狂內容的細節。
04:45
But you don't need to understand those concepts for most macro-economist classes.
但對於大多數宏觀經濟學課程，您不需要理解這些概念。
04:49
Just understand where equilibrium comes from, what happens when demand shifts right or left, when supply shifts left or right, and understand the idea of shortage and surplus.
That's usually enough. And you add on to that concept when you learn about agrit demand and agrit supply later on in Unit 3.
這通常就足夠了。當您在第三單元學習總體需求和總體供給時，您會在此基礎上進行擴展。
05:04
You're going to give Unit 1 5 out of 10 difficulty, not because it's super hard, but because there's a lot of stuff.
您會給第一單元打 10 分中的 5 分難度，不是因為它超級難，而是因為內容很多。
05:09
You've got to cover production possibly as curves, supply and demand, understand all these different graphs, and it's going to set the foundation for everything you're going to do in the rest of the course.
您需要涵蓋生產可能性曲線、供需，理解所有這些不同的圖表，它將為您在本課程的其餘部分打下基礎。
05:17
Here we go. Now we're going to jump into full macroeconomics when we talk about the macro measures.
好了。現在我們將進入完整的宏觀經濟學，討論宏觀指標。
05:21
In Unit 2, we're talking about the three goals of every economy. It doesn't matter what kind of economy is. They have three goals.
在第二單元中，我們將討論每個經濟體的三个目標。不論是什麼類型的經濟體。它們都有三個目標。
05:26
They want to grow over time. They want to produce more stuff. They want to keep unemployment down, like limit unemployment.
它們希望隨著時間的推移而增長。它們希望生產更多商品。它們希望降低失業率，例如限制失業。
05:31
They want to limit inflation, or at least keep prices stable. That's what you do in this unit.
他們想要抑制通貨膨脹，或者至少讓物價穩定。這就是你們在本單元要學習的。
05:35
You cover each one of these concepts. How do you measure these different things and one of the issues with those measurements, and then we move on and apply that stuff in later units.
So it starts off with the idea of growth. Growth is the idea that economy is expanding over time, and the most important concept, probably in the entire course, is GDP, gross domestic product.
It's the dollar value of all final goods produced in a year in a country's border. So anything you produce in your own country.
這是指一年內一個國家邊界內生產的所有最終商品的美元價值。所以任何在你自己的國家生產的東西。
06:00
Now you should also understand the idea of GDP per capita, which is the GDP divided by population, and get good at doing percent change.
現在，你也應該理解人均 GDP 的概念，也就是 GDP 除以人口，並熟練計算百分比變化。
06:07
So if I say the GDP in one year is this amount, the GDP in another year is different amounts. You should be able to calculate the percent change in the GDP.
所以，如果我說一年的 GDP 是這個金額，另一年的 GDP 是不同的金額。你應該能夠計算 GDP 的百分比變化。
06:14
When it comes to GDP, it's important to know it's not included in GDP. The first one is intermediate goods.
關於 GDP，重要的是要知道它不包含哪些項目。第一項是中間財。
06:18
These are goods that go into the production of a final good. So we only count the final good, not the things that went into producing it.
這些是最終財生產過程中使用的商品。所以我們只計算最終財，而不是生產它所使用的東西。
06:25
So we count the final laptop, not the computer chip that the laptop producer bought from another company.
所以我們計算最終的筆記型電腦，而不是筆記型電腦製造商從另一家公司購買的電腦晶片。
06:31
So intermediate goods don't count. Also we don't count non-production transactions. These are situations where nothing new is produced.
因此，中間財不計入。我們也不計算非生產性交易。這些情況是沒有新產品產生的。
06:38
So stocks and bonds, they don't count in GDP because we have to count things that are goods and services provided in that year.
所以股票和債券不計入 GDP，因為我們必須計算當年提供的商品和服務。
06:44
Nothing old, nothing counted in previous years. That doesn't count towards GDP.
舊的、前幾年計算過的都不計入 GDP。
06:49
The last one is non-market transactions. So illegal goods or illegal labor, those don't count in GDP either.
最後一項是非市場交易。所以非法商品或非法勞動，這些也不計入 GDP。
06:55
And there's two ways to calculate GDP, even though the most important one, for our purposes, is usually the expenditures approach.
計算 GDP 有兩種方法，儘管對我們來說，最重要的方法通常是支出法。
07:00
But there's also the income approach. The expenditure approach adds up all the spending on all goods and services in the economy, and that tells you how much we produce in a given year.
但也有收入法。支出法加總了經濟體中所有商品和服務的所有支出，這告訴我們一年內生產了多少。
07:09
The income approach adds up all the income earned from producing those final goods and services.
收入法加總了生產這些最終商品和服務所賺取的所有收入。
07:14
So really it should just be the same number, two different ways of calculating it. But it does give us the most important equations.
所以實際上它應該是相同的數字，只是計算方式不同。但這確實給了我們最重要的方程式。
07:19
Remember, GDP equals C plus I plus G plus XN. It's a super important concept.
請記住，GDP 等於 C 加上 I 加上 G 加上 XN。這是一個非常重要的概念。
07:24
Remember, business spending is investment. It's not stocks and bonds. Stocks and bonds don't count towards GDP.
請記住，企業支出是投資。不是股票和債券。股票和債券不計入 GDP。
07:30
Government spending, government combined stuff, and other countries combined stuff.
政府支出、政府綜合項目以及其他國家的綜合項目。
07:34
Now for net exports, remember exports minus imports is the net exports. And the United States is actually a negative number.
再來說到淨出口，請記得出口減去進口就是淨出口。而美國實際上是負數。
07:40
And the income approach also has its own equation. It's made up of rent, wages, interest, and profits.
收入法也有其自身的公式。它由租金、工資、利息和利潤組成。
07:46
So if you add up all those, you add up what's called the factor payments, then that should add up to the GDP of the things we produce in a year.
所以，如果你把這些加起來，把所謂的要素支付加起來，那麼這應該等於我們一年內生產的商品的GDP。
07:53
Another concept you're going to see is the idea of nominal and real GDP. Remember, nominal GDP is not a just for inflation.
你會看到的另一個概念是名目GDP和實質GDP。請記住，名目GDP並未考慮通貨膨脹。
07:59
So when we talk about the economy, we're usually analyzing real GDP, because that's adjusting for inflation and showing us what we're actually producing.
And a great way to show that is the business cycle. The business cycle shows you there's four different phases in the business cycle when there's a peak.
商業週期是展示這一點的一個好方法。商業週期顯示了商業週期的四個不同階段，當達到頂峰時。
08:12
And then when the economy is up there, eventually over time the economy moves towards a recession and it falls down to a trough, and then it goes into expansion, goes right back up.
然後，當經濟處於高位時，隨著時間的推移，經濟最終會走向衰退，並跌至谷底，然後進入擴張期，再次回升。
08:20
The economy goes up and down over time, and that tells you there's only three places the economy can be at any given period of time.
經濟會隨著時間的推移而上下波動，這告訴你，在任何給定的時期，經濟只有三種可能的位置。
08:27
We can be at full employment. This is the idea that the economy is doing great.
我們可以達到充分就業。這是經濟表現良好的想法。
08:30
Real GDP is moving nice and steady. We can have a recession, right? This is a recessionary gap where the economy is not doing well.
實質GDP穩步增長。我們可能會經歷衰退，對吧？這是一個衰退缺口，經濟表現不佳。
08:38
We have very high unemployment, and we have something called an inflationary gap when the economy is kind of overheating and we're having more and more inflation.
我們有非常高的失業率，還有所謂的通貨膨脹缺口，當時經濟有點過熱，通貨膨脹越來越嚴重。
08:44
You're going to see those concepts later on as well. And that leads to the second goal of every economy to limit unemployment.
你稍後也會看到這些概念。這就引出了每個經濟體的第二個目標：限制失業。
08:50
Now, unemployment is the idea of people who are looking for work that can't find it, who are in the labor force.
現在，失業是指那些正在找工作但找不到工作的人，他們屬於勞動力人口。
08:55
Remember, it's not by population. It's the number of people who are not working, who are actively looking, divided by the labor force times 100, gives you percentage.
That percentage, the number of people who are unemployed in the economy.
這個百分比，就是經濟中失業人口的數量。
09:05
There's also the labor force participation rate, and understanding the idea of labor force is the group of people who can and are able and are willing to work above 16, not institutionalized, not in jail.
And at this point, you're going to learn the three types of unemployment. There's frictional when people are between jobs and they're looking for jobs.
在這一點上，你將學到三種類型的失業。摩擦性失業是指人們在換工作期間正在尋找工作。
09:20
They're structural when people are replaced by robots, so they don't have the skills that people actually want or that employers want.
結構性失業是指人們被機器人取代，因此他們沒有人們實際需要或雇主想要的技能。
09:26
So their skills are obsolete, and they're cyclical unemployment when there's a recession the economy has gone down and people have lost their job because no one's buying products, so people don't need resources.
They don't need the workers. So, in any time in the economy, whether it's good or bad, there's always going to be two types of unemployment, frictional and structural.
他們不需要工人。所以，在經濟的任何時期，無論好壞，總會有兩種失業類型：摩擦性和結構性。
09:43
And that's the goal. Remember, the goal is not to have zero percent unemployment. The goal is to have just frictional and structural unemployment.
這就是目標。請記住，目標不是要達到零失業率。目標是只有摩擦性失業和結構性失業。
09:49
So in the United States, that's about five percent unemployment. That's called the natural rate of unemployment.
在美國，這大約是百分之五的失業率。這被稱為自然失業率。
09:54
It's perfectly great to have only frictional and structural unemployment. If the economy is doing poorly, we have a recessionary gap when we also have cyclical unemployment.
And of course, the unemployment rate also has some criticisms. Keep in mind that sometimes people aren't counted when they should be counted.
當然，失業率也有一些批評。請記住，有時候人們沒有被計入，但他們應該被計入。
10:10
It's called discouraged workers. These are people who stop looking for work, and they're not counted in the labor force.
這被稱為「卻步勞工」。這些人停止尋找工作，他們沒有被計入勞動力。
10:15
They're not considered unemployed, but in real life, like they are. They wish they had job, but they stopped looking.
他們不被視為失業，但實際上他們就是。他們希望有工作，但他們停止尋找了。
10:20
When you stop looking, you're not part of labor force. So, that one makes the unemployment rate look lower than it actually should be, and there's also the idea of part-time workers.
Part-time workers are counted as fully employed, and so somebody might be all upset and sad that they're not working full-time, but according to the numbers, they're still considered fully employed.
And again, the unemployment rate number isn't perfect. It doesn't show actually what's happening in all situations in the economy.
再說一次，失業率數字並不完美。它並沒有顯示出經濟中所有情況的實際情況。
10:43
And there's one more goal of every economy to keep prices stable to limit crazy inflation.
每個經濟體還有一個目標，就是維持物價穩定，限制惡性通貨膨脹。
10:47
Remember, inflation is the idea that money loses its purchasing power, right? So, it requires more money to buy the same number of goods as before when there's more inflation.
We have inflation. There's also deflation when prices are falling, and disinflation wins the economy, or sorry, when the inflation rate's actually falling.
So, inflation rate's been going up for a long time, and the inflation rate's going up by less and less. That's called disinflation.
因此，通貨膨脹率已經上漲了很長一段時間，而且通貨膨脹率的漲幅越來越小。這被稱為通貨緊縮。
11:09
You should understand the idea of nominal and real wages. If, you know, let's say your boss gave you a 5% raise, you're like, "Yeah, great. My nominal wage increased.
