00:00
Over the past decade, investing has completely changed.
在過去十年中，投資方式已經完全改變了。
00:04
More people than ever are choosing simple and long-term strategies, and ETFs have become one of
選擇簡單且長期策略的人比以往任何時候都多，而 ETF 已成為其中
00:09
the most popular ways to do it.
最受歡迎的方式。
00:13
They're affordable, flexible, and give you exposure to entire markets with just one
它們價格實惠、靈活性高，只需一項
00:17
investment.
投資就能讓你參與整個市場。
00:18
But what exactly is an ETF?
但 ETF 究竟是什麼？
00:20
What types are there?
有哪些類型？
00:23
What kind of fees should you expect?
你應該預期哪些費用？
00:25
And how do you actually go about buying one?
以及你實際上要如何購買？
00:28
Watch through to the end and you'll know everything you need to start investing in ETFs.
看到最後，你就會知道開始投資 ETF 所需的一切。
00:32
Welcome to Mardik Finance where we explain investing concepts in a simple way.
歡迎來到 Mardik Finance，我們以簡單的方式解釋投資概念。
00:38
But first of all, a quick disclaimer.
但首先，快速聲明一下。
00:41
This is not financial advice.
這不是財務建議。
00:43
An ETF or exchangeraded fund is like a basket of investments usually made up of stocks.
ETF 或交易所交易基金就像一籃子投資，通常由股票組成。
00:51
Instead of buying individual companies one by one, you're buying the whole basket in a single
你不是一個接一個地買進個別公司，而是在單筆交易中買下整籃。
00:55
trade.
它的運作方式就像普通股票一樣。
00:56
It works just like a regular stock.
你可以在市場開放的任何時間買進、持有或賣出。
00:59
You can buy it, hold it, or sell it anytime the market is open.
為了讓事情簡單化，我將 ETF 分為三大類。
01:05
To make things simple, I've divided ETFs into three main categories.
分別是按策略、按市場參與度以及按股利類型來分。
01:09
By strategy, by market exposure, and by dividend type.
依策略、市場參與度以及股利類型來分。
01:12
Let's start with the first one, strategy, which breaks down into active and passive ETFs.
我們先從第一個策略開始，也就是 ETF 的策略，可分為主動型和被動型。
01:19
Firstly, we have the passive ETFs, the simpler and more common option for most investors.
首先，我們來談談被動型 ETF，這是對大多數投資者來說較簡單且更常見的選擇。
01:25
Passive ETFs are designed to track the performance of a specific index.
被動型 ETF 的設計目的是追蹤特定指數的表現。
01:30
But what exactly is an index?
但指數究竟是什麼？
01:34
An index is basically a list or a group of companies that represent a certain part
指數基本上是一個清單或一組公司，代表市場的某個特定部分。
01:37
of the market.
26.
01:39
Think of it like a basketball league leaderboard.
可以把它想像成籃球聯賽的排行榜。
01:43
The best performing teams rise to the top and weaker teams fall off the list is always
表現最好的球隊會上升到頂部，而表現較差的球隊會跌出榜單，這份榜單會根據表現不斷變化。
01:47
changing based on performance.
29.
01:51
In the same way, an index is continuously updated to reflect the strongest or most
同樣地，指數會持續更新，以反映該市場板塊中實力最強或最具代表性的公司。
01:54
relevant companies in that part of the market.
31.
01:57
And one of the biggest advantages of passive ETFs is the cost.
被動型 ETF 最大的優勢之一就是成本。
02:01
Because there's no fund manager actively picking stocks or making complex decisions every day, the fees are
由於沒有基金經理每天積極選股或做複雜的決策，其費用通常比主動型管理基金低得多。
02:07
usually much lower than with actively managed funds.
34.
02:11
These fees are called the expense ratio.
這些費用稱為管理費。
02:14
And for passive ETFs, they usually range from around 0.03% 03% up to 0.3%.
對於被動型 ETF，其費用通常介於 0.03% 到 0.3% 之間。
02:20
Now, you might be wondering, how do you actually pay the expense ratio?
37.
02:26
The good news is you don't have to do anything manually.
現在，你可能會想，管理費到底是怎麼支付的？
02:29
The fee is automatically taken out by the fund.
好消息是，你不需要手動做任何事。
02:33
A tiny amount is deducted from the ETF's value over time.
費用會由基金自動扣除，一段時間後，ETF 的價值會被扣除一小部分。
02:36
You won't see a charge on your account, but the return you get is slightly reduced to account for that fee.
你的帳戶不會看到一筆支出費用，但你獲得的報酬會稍微減少以反映這筆費用。
02:44
For example, let's say you invest $1,000 in a passive ETF with a 0.05%
舉例來說，假設你投資 1,000 美元在一支被動式 ETF，其費用率為 0.05%。
02:48
expense ratio.
43.
02:50
That means you're paying just 50 cents per year in fees.
這意味著你每年只需支付 50 美分的費用。
02:55
Now, these are some of the most popular types of passive ones.
以下是一些最受歡迎的被動式投資類型。
02:58
US market ETFs.
美國市場 ETF。
03:01
They typically track indexes like the S&P 500, which includes 500 of the largest and most established companies
它們通常追蹤像是 S&P 500（標準普爾 500 指數）這樣的指數，該指數包含了美國 500 家最大且最穩固的公司。
03:10
Think Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, or Google.
例如 Apple、Microsoft、Amazon 或 Google。
03:14
By buying one of these ETFs, you instantly own a small piece of hundreds of leading American
透過買進其中一支 ETF，你便能立刻擁有數百家美國領導企業的一小部分。
03:20
As you can see in this map, this index covers lots of different sectors like technology, finance,
如同你在這張地圖上所見，這個指數涵蓋了許多不同的領域，像是科技、金融、
03:26
healthcare, and a lot more.
醫療保健等等。
03:30
This chart gives us a clear picture of how the S&P 500 has performed yearbyear.
這張圖表清楚呈現了 S&P 500 每年的表現。
03:36
As you can see, most years show positive returns marked in green, but there are some down
如你所見，大多數年份都顯示正報酬（以綠色標示），但也有一些下跌的年份。
03:42
Still, over the long run, the S&P 500 has delivered an average annual return of around 8 to 10%.
不過，長期來看，S&P 500 的平均年化報酬率約為 8% 到 10%。
03:50
The types of investments I talk about in this video are meant for the long term.
這支影片中我提到的投資類型是為了長期投資而設計的。
03:54
If you need access to your money in the short term, it's usually better to keep it in a high yield savings account or
如果你在短期內需要用到這筆錢，通常最好將其放在高收益儲蓄帳戶或
04:00
something low risk.
其他低風險的工具中。
04:02
International market ETFs.
國際市場 ETF。
04:06
These track companies based outside the US in regions like Europe, Japan, Australia, and other developed markets.
這類 ETF 追蹤的是美國以外地區的公司，例如歐洲、日本、澳洲和其他已開發市場。
04:14
An example of a popular international ETF is one that tracks the MCI World Index.
一個受歡迎的國際 ETF 範例，是追蹤 MSCI 世界指數的 ETF。
04:19
This index includes around 1,300 companies from 23 developed countries around the world like Japan, the UK,
這個指數包含了來自全球 23 個已開發國家的約 1,300 家公司，像是日本、英國、
04:27
Canada, Germany and many others including 70% of the US.
加拿大、德國等許多國家，其中也包含 70% 的美國公司。
04:33
So even though it's called world, it focuses on developed markets and gives you exposure
所以，雖然它名為世界指數，但它主要關注已開發市場，讓你能夠
04:37
to a broad mix of global economies.
廣泛投資於全球各地的經濟體。
04:40
As you can see here on the fact sheet, the largest holdings in this index are very similar to the ones of the S&P 500.
如你在這份簡介資料上所見，這個指數中權重最高的持股與標準普爾 500 指數非常相似。
04:48
This overlap shows how influential US companies are in the global market.
這種重疊顯示了美國公司在全球市場的影響力有多大。
04:54
But remember, the MSCI world also gives you exposure to other developed markets,
但請記住，MSCI 世界指數也讓你投資到其他已開發市場，
04:57
adding valuable diversity to your portfolio.
為你的投資組合增添有價值的分散效果。
05:00
Emerging market ETFs.
新興市場 ETF。
05:03
These focus on fast growing countries such as India, Brazil, China, or countries in Southeast Asia or Latin
這類 ETF 專注於快速成長的國家，例如印度、巴西、中國，或東南亞、拉丁美洲的國家。
05:10
America.
這類 ETF 專注於快速成長的國家，例如印度、巴西、中國，或東南亞、拉丁美洲的國家。
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The companies in these markets often have more room for growth, which means higher potential return, but also
這些市場中的公司通常有更大的成長空間，這意味著更高的潛在報酬，但也伴隨
05:17
more volatility.
更高的波動性。
05:19
Emerging markets can be great for long-term investors who are comfortable with taking on a bit more risk for the
新興市場非常適合長期投資者，他們願意承擔多一點風險，以
05:24
chance at higher growth.
爭取更高的成長機會。
05:27
Small cap ETFs.
小型股 ETF。
05:30
These ETFs track smaller companies, often ones that are just starting to grow or have high potential in niche
這類 ETF 追蹤規模較小的公司，通常是剛開始成長或在利基市場具有高潛力的公司。
05:36
Small cap stocks can be more volatile and react more to economic changes, but over the long term, they
小型股的波動性可能更高，對經濟變化的反應也更強烈，但長期來看，它們
05:42
can also deliver strong returns.
也能帶來強勁的報酬。
05:45
Passive small cap ETFs let you invest in hundreds of these smaller businesses at once without having to bet on any single
被動型小型股 ETF 讓您能一次投資數百家這類較小的企業，而不需要押注於任何單一
05:53
Now, unlike passive ETFs that simply follow an index, active ETFs are run by professional fund managers who
現在，與僅僅追蹤指數的被動型 ETF 不同，主動型 ETF 是由專業基金經理人
06:00
try to beat the market.
運作，他們試圖打敗大盤。
06:02
That means they're actively choosing which investments to include in the fund based
這意味著他們會根據研究、
06:06
on research, forecasts, and strategy, hoping to get better results than just tracking an index.
預測和策略，主動選擇將哪些投資納入基金，希望能獲得比單純追蹤指數更好的結果。
06:12
That might sound great.
這聽起來可能很棒。
06:13
After all, who wouldn't want to beat the market?
畢竟，誰不想打敗大盤呢？
06:17
But in reality, it's not as easy as it sounds.
但實際上，這並不像聽起來那麼容易。
06:20
First, performance isn't guaranteed.
首先，績效無法保證。
06:22
While some active funds may outperform the market in certain years, many struggle to
雖然有些主動型基金在某些年份可能表現優於大盤，但許多基金長期以來難以
06:25
consistently beat their benchmarks over the long term.
持續擊敗其基準指數。
06:29
And second, the fees.
其次是費用。
06:31
Because you're paying for that active management, the research, and the team, active ETFs usually have higher expense
因為您必須為這項主動管理、研究和團隊付費，主動型 ETF 的費用
06:38
ratios than passive ones.
比率通常高於被動型。
06:41
It might be above 0.5% or even 1%.
它可能超過 0.5% 甚至 1%。
06:44
So, with active ETFs, you're paying more, but there's no guarantee you'll get more in return.
所以，選擇主動型 ETF，您支付了更高的成本，但無法保證能獲得更高的回報。
06:52
ETFs can also be grouped by the types of companies they focus on, like by sector or by
ETF 也可以根據其關注的公司類型來分類，例如按產業或市值劃分。
06:56
market capitalization.
102.
06:58
There are also some ETFs that invest in companies from a specific industry such as technology,
也有一些 ETF 專門投資特定產業的公司，例如科技、
07:03
energy, or financials.
能源或金融類股。
07:06
So, if you believe a certain sector is going to grow, these ETFs let you invest in just
因此，如果你認為某個產業將會成長，這些 ETF 能讓你只投資
07:10
that slice of the market.
該市場區塊。
07:14
There are also ETFs based on the company size, like large cap, midcap, or small cap.
還有基於公司規模發行的 ETF，例如大型股、中型股或小型股。
07:20
I recently made a cool video about it, which I will leave on the description.
我最近做了一支關於這個主題的精彩影片，我會留在說明欄位裡。
07:23
And just like other ETFs, these can be passively managed or actively managed with a fund manager making the
就像其他 ETF 一樣，這些可以是被動式管理，也可以是主動式管理，由基金經理人做出
07:30
investment decisions.
投資決策。
07:33
The fund strategy is usually indicated in its description or fact sheet.
基金策略通常會在它的說明或簡介中標示。
07:37
So, it's always good to check.
所以，查看一下總是好的。
07:38
Another difference between ETFs is how they handle dividends, the payments companies make to shareholders.
ETF 之間的另一個差異在於它們如何處理股息，也就是公司支付給股東的款項。
07:44
Some ETFs are distributing, which means they pay the dividends out to you usually every few months.
有些 ETF 是分配型的，這意味著它們通常每隔幾個月就會將股息支付給你。
07:51
That can be nice if you want a bit of regular income.
如果你想要一點固定的收入，這可能很不錯。
07:55
Others are accumulating, which means they automatically reinvest the dividends back into the fund.
其他則是累積型的，這意味著它們會自動將股息再投資回基金中。
08:01
You don't see the money, but your investment quietly grows in the background.
你看不到這筆錢，但你的投資會在背景中默默成長。
08:07
Now, here's something worth knowing.
現在，這裡有件事值得了解。
08:09
In some countries, dividends are taxed when you receive them.
在某些國家，股息在收到時會被課稅。
08:12
So, accumulating ETFs can sometimes be more tax efficient since you're not actually getting the cash.
因此，累積型 ETF 有時可能更節稅，因為你實際上並沒有拿到現金。
08:19
But this depends a lot on where you live and the type of account you're using.
但這很大程度上取決於您居住的地方以及您使用的帳戶類型。
08:23
So, it's a detail worth checking out if you're not sure.
因此，如果您不確定，這是一個值得查證的細節。
08:27
Before you jump into buying your first ETF, there are a few important things to consider.
在您投入購買第一檔 ETF 之前，有幾件重要的事情需要考慮。
08:34
You'll need a brokerage account to buy ETFs.
您需要一個經紀帳戶來購買 ETF。
08:35
Look for one that's beginnerfriendly, has low fees, and offers access to the ETFs you're interested in.
尋找一個對新手友善、手續費低，並提供您感興趣的 ETF 的經紀商。
08:43
Ask yourself, why am I investing?
問問自己，我為什麼要投資？
08:45
Are you saving for retirement?
您是為了退休而儲蓄嗎？
08:46
Do you need the money in the short term?
您短期內需要這筆錢嗎？
08:49
As always, find your risk tolerance, timeline, and goals.
和往常一樣，請找出您的風險承受度、時間規劃和目標。
08:55
And finally, here are some common mistakes to avoid.
最後，這裡有一些需要避免的常見錯誤。
08:57
Number one, chasing past performance.
第一，追逐過去的表現。
09:00
Just because an ETF has done well recently doesn't mean it will keep doing so, and vice versa.
僅僅因為一檔 ETF 最近表現良好，並不意味著它會持續這樣表現，反之亦然。
09:07
Always do your own research before investing.
投資前務必自行研究。
09:11
Number two, ignoring expense ratios.
第二，忽略費用比率。
09:14
Even small fees can add up over time.
即使是小額費用隨著時間推移也會累積。
09:16
A 1% expense ratio may not sound like much, but it can seriously eat into long-term gains.
1% 的費用比率聽起來可能不多，但它會嚴重侵蝕長期收益。
09:22
Before you buy an ETF, it's a good idea to think about whether the fees make sense for what you're getting.
在購買 ETF 之前，最好先思考這些費用是否與您得到的東西相符。
09:31
For example, in a passive ETF, fees are usually very low.
例如，在被動型 ETF 中，費用通常非常低。
09:34
Number three, lack of diversification.
第三，缺乏多元化。
09:37
Don't put everything into one sector.
不要把所有資金都投入單一產業。
09:39
Even with ETFs, spreading your money across different areas helps reduce risk.
即使是投資 ETF，將資金分散到不同領域也有助於降低風險。
09:44
And last but not least, not really understanding what you're buying.
最後但同様重要的是，並未真正理解自己所購買的東西。
09:48
Always take your time to look into what's actually inside an ETF, the companies, the region, the strategy.
務必花時間深入了解 ETF 的實際內容，包括其涵蓋的公司、地區以及策略。
09:54
If it sounds confusing, look for something simpler.
如果聽起來令人困惑，請尋找更簡單的產品。
09:59
And that's everything for this ETF guide.
以上就是本次 ETF 指南的全部內容。
10:01
I hope the video helped you feel more confident about getting started.
希望這部影片能讓您更有信心地開始投資。
10:05
If you found it useful, please consider liking and subscribing.
如果您覺得影片實用，請不吝按讚及訂閱。
10:08
It really helps grow this community.
這對壯大我們的社群真的很有幫助。
10:11
And if you enjoyed this one, you'll probably like this next video, too.
如果您喜歡這部影片，接下來的這部您可能也會感興趣。
10:15
Thanks so much for watching and see you again very soon.
非常感謝您的收看，我們很快再見。
