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Cognitive Bias | Psychology | Chegg Tutors
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hi guys my name is Michelle I'm a tutor for czech tutors and I usually teach English math and psychology and today
大家好，我叫 Michelle，我是 Czech Tutors 的家教，我通常教英文、數學和心理學，而今天
00:07
we're going to be talking about cognitive bias so a cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking and it
我們要來談談「認知偏誤」。所謂認知偏誤，是一種系統性的思考錯誤，它
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effects decisions or judgments that we make every day so sometimes they're related to memory so the way we
會影響我們每天做的決定或判斷。有時候它們與記憶有關，取決於情境，
00:19
sometimes remember an event might be biased depending on the situation and this can later lead to bias thinking and
我們有時回憶事件的方式可能會帶有偏誤，這日後可能導致偏頗的思考和
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bias decision-making other times cognitive biases might be connected to problems with attention so
偏頗的決策。有時候，認知偏誤可能與注意力的問題有關。所以
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when people only have access to a selective view of the world this can cause subtle biases to influence the way
當人們只能接觸到世界的片面觀點時，會導致細微的偏誤影響我們
00:39
that we process and think as we go through our lives so when we make judgments and decisions about things
在生活中處理和思考的方式。所以當我們對周遭事物
00:45
that we see around us we typically assume that we're objective and logical and that our thinking is the right way
做出判斷和決定時，我們通常會假設自己是客觀且邏輯的，並認為我們的思考方式是
00:52
of thinking and so however in reality our judgments often have errors and these errors come from our unconscious
正確的思考方式。然而在現實中，我們的判斷經常出錯，而這些錯誤來自於我們潛意識的
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cognitive biases so let me define cognitive bias a cognitive bias is a type of error in thinking that occurs
認知偏誤。那麼讓我定義一下認知偏誤：認知偏誤是一種思考錯誤，發生在
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when people process and interpret information in the world around them so they're often caused because we like to
人們處理和詮釋周遭世界資訊的時候。它們通常是因為我們喜歡
01:15
simplify information processing and they can provide this simplified information processing can provide a quick way to
簡化資訊處理而引起的，而這種簡化的資訊處理能提供一種快速的方式
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make sense of the world around us and a quick way to just sit to decision-making so these mental shortcuts are called
來理解周遭的世界，以及快速做出決策。所以這些心理捷徑被稱為
01:31
heuristics so cognitive biases aren't inherently bad psychologists believe that they serve an adaptive purpose so
「啟發法」（heuristics）。因此，認知偏誤並非天生就是壞的，心理學家認為它們具有適應性的目的。所以
01:38
reaching decisions quickly might have been vital for surviving a dangerous situation and there's many types of
快速做出決定對於在危險情境中生存可能至關重要。而認知偏誤有很多種類型，
01:46
cognitive bias so a confirmation bias involves favoring information that confirms previously existing beliefs
例如「確認偏誤」（confirmation bias）涉及偏愛能證實既有信念的資訊。
01:53
like if you're given a pattern and you need to complete the rest of the number pattern sequence if you try something
比如說，如果給你一個數列模式，你需要完成剩下的數字序列，如果你試了某個方法
01:59
and it works you will continue to try and prove it right rather than try and prove it wrong the availability
且它奏效了，你會繼續嘗試去證明它是對的，而不是去證明它是錯的。「可得性啟發法」
02:07
heuristic occurs when immediate examples come to mind and then you believe that those
（availability heuristic）發生在當立即的例子浮現腦海，然後你相信那些
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apples occur more frequently or are more possible than other examples the halo effect is another cognitive bias it's on
例子比其他例子發生得更頻繁或更有可能時。「光環效應」（halo effect）是另一種認知偏誤，它是...
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when the overall impression of a person influences how you feel or think about his or her behavior so when you're in an
當一個人的整體印象會影響你對其行為的感受或想法時，那麼當你面試時，面試官可能已經根據你五分鐘前說的話，對你形成了一個大致的印象。
02:27
interview the interviewer might have already formed a general idea of who you are just based on something that you
自利偏差是指當你成功時，你將其歸因於內在特質；但當你失敗時，你卻將其歸咎於外在因素。所以當你參加考試，如果你考得很好，你會說是因為你非常努力用功；但如果你考得很差，你可能會說是因為考試不公平。
02:34
said five minutes ago a self-serving bias is when you attribute your success to internal characteristics when you
以上就是關於認知偏差的簡單介紹，希望你能更意識到它們是如何扭曲你自己的思維方式。感謝你駐足聆聽我的分享，祝你有美好的一天，再見。
02:42
fail to blame it but when you fail you blame it on outside forces so when you take a test if you do well on it you'll
失敗時卻歸咎於外在因素，所以當你參加考試時，如果考得好，你會
02:49
say you studied really hard but if you do poorly you might say that the test was unfair so that's a little bit about
說你非常用功，但如果考得不好，你可能會說考試不公平，以上就是關於
02:56
cognitive biases hopefully you'll become more aware of how they distort your own ways of thinking thank you for stopping
認知偏差的簡單介紹，希望你能更意識到它們是如何扭曲你自己的思維方式。感謝你駐足
03:03
by and listening to me talk have a wonderful day bye
聆聽我的分享，祝你有美好的一天，再見。

Cognitive Bias | Psychology | Chegg Tutors

📝 影片摘要

本單元深入解析「認知偏誤」（Cognitive Bias），由心理學家 Michelle 主講。課程首先定義認知偏誤為一種系統性的思考錯誤，源自人類大腦偏好使用「啟發法」（Heuristics）作為心理捷徑，以求快速決策與適應環境。接著，影片介紹了四種常見的偏誤類型：確認偏誤（Confirmation Bias）、可得性啟發法（Availability Heuristic）、光環效應（Halo Effect）以及自利偏差（Self-serving Bias）。透過日常生活與財經判斷的實例，課程說明這些偏誤如何扭曲我們對資訊的處理與記憶，最終影響決策品質。結尾呼籲大眾應提高自我覺察，以避免潛意識偏誤主導思考。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 認知偏誤定義：人類在處理與詮釋資訊時，系統性的思考錯誤。
  • ✓ 思考捷徑：源於大腦簡化資訊處理的「啟發法」（Heuristics），有助於快速決策。
  • ✓ 雙面刃特性：雖然能幫助生存，但也常導致不精準的判斷。
  • ✓ 確認偏誤（Confirmation Bias）：傾向尋找支持既有信念的證據，而非反駁。
  • ✓ 可得性啟發法（Availability Heuristic）：根據腦中浮現的近期案例來判斷機率。
  • ✓ 光環效應（Halo Effect）：對人的整體印象影響對其個別行為的評價。
  • ✓ 自利偏差（Self-serving Bias）：成功歸因於內在特質，失敗歸咎於外在環境。
  • ✓ 自我覺察：意識到偏誤的存在，是改善思維與決策的第一步。
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
認知的
cognitive
偏誤
bias
系統性的
systematic
判斷
judgment
潛意識的
unconscious
詮釋
interpret
啟發法
heuristics
適應性的
adaptive
確認
confirmation
歸因
attribute

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 10 個重點單字
cognitive /ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv/ adjective
of or relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning.
認知的；認識的
📝 例句
"Cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking."
→ 認知偏誤是一種系統性的思考錯誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"Cognitive abilities tend to decline with age."
→ 認知能力往往會隨著年齡增長而下降。
bias /ˈbaɪəs/ noun
prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another.
偏誤；偏見
📝 例句
"The way we remember an event might be biased."
→ 我們回憶事件的方式可能帶有偏誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"There is a bias towards hiring younger candidates."
→ 招聘時存在偏向年輕候選人的偏見。
systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/ adjective
done according to a system or plan in a thorough, efficient manner.
系統性的；有條理的
📝 例句
"A cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking."
→ 認知偏誤是一種系統性的思考錯誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"The investigation was conducted in a systematic way."
→ 調查是以系統化的方式進行的。
judgment /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/ noun
the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions.
判斷；判斷力
📝 例句
"It affects decisions or judgments that we make every day."
→ 它影響我們每天做的決定或判斷。
✨ 延伸例句
"It was a poor judgment of character."
→ 那是對性格的錯誤判斷。
unconscious /ʌnˈkɒnʃəs/ adjective
existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness.
潛意識的；無意識的
📝 例句
"These errors come from our unconscious cognitive biases."
→ 這些錯誤來自我們潛意識的認知偏誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"He had an unconscious desire for approval."
→ 他潛意識裡渴望得到認可。
interpret /ɪnˈtɜːrprɪt/ verb
to explain the meaning of something.
詮釋；解釋
📝 例句
"When people process and interpret information in the world."
→ 當人們處理和詮釋周遭世界的資訊時。
✨ 延伸例句
"The data can be interpreted in different ways."
→ 這些數據可以有不同的詮釋方式。
heuristics /hjʊˈrɪstɪks/ noun
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making.
啟發法；試探法
📝 例句
"These mental shortcuts are called heuristics."
→ 這些心理捷徑被稱為啟發法。
✨ 延伸例句
"Using heuristics can save time in problem solving."
→ 使用啟發法可以節省解決問題的時間。
adaptive /əˈdæptɪv/ adjective
characterized by or given to adaptation; fitting in with changes.
適應性的
📝 例句
"Psychologists believe that they serve an adaptive purpose."
→ 心理學家認為它們具有適應性的目的。
✨ 延伸例句
"The species has developed adaptive traits."
→ 該物種已發展出適應性特徵。
confirmation /ˌkɒnfərˈmeɪʃən/ noun
the action of confirming something.
確認；證實
📝 例句
"Confirmation bias involves favoring information that confirms previously existing beliefs."
→ 確認偏誤涉及偏愛能證實既有信念的資訊。
✨ 延伸例句
"We are waiting for confirmation of the news."
→ 我們正在等待這則新聞的證實。
attribute /ˈætrɪbjuːt/ verb
to say or think that something is the result or work of something or someone else.
歸因；歸咎
📝 例句
"A self-serving bias is when you attribute your success to internal characteristics."
→ 自利偏差是指你將成功歸因於內在特質。
✨ 延伸例句
"She attributes her success to hard work."
→ 她將自己的成功歸因於努力工作。
🎯 共 10 題測驗

1 According to the video, what is a cognitive bias? 根據影片，什麼是認知偏誤？ According to the video, what is a cognitive bias?

根據影片，什麼是認知偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video defines cognitive bias as a systematic error in thinking that affects our decisions.

影片定義認知偏誤為一種系統性的思考錯誤，會影響我們的決策。

2 What are the mental shortcuts mentioned in the video that lead to cognitive biases? 影片中提到導致認知偏誤的心理捷徑是什麼？ What are the mental shortcuts mentioned in the video that lead to cognitive biases?

影片中提到導致認知偏誤的心理捷徑是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

These mental shortcuts are called heuristics.

這些心理捷徑被稱為啟發法 (Heuristics)。

3 Why do psychologists believe cognitive biases serve an adaptive purpose? 為什麼心理學家認為認知偏誤具有適應性的目的？ Why do psychologists believe cognitive biases serve an adaptive purpose?

為什麼心理學家認為認知偏誤具有適應性的目的？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

Reaching decisions quickly might have been vital for surviving a dangerous situation.

快速做出決定對於在危險情境中生存可能至關重要。

4 If you try to prove your theory right rather than wrong, what bias are you displaying? 如果你試圖證明你的理論是對的而不是錯的，你展現了什麼偏誤？ If you try to prove your theory right rather than wrong, what bias are you displaying?

如果你試圖證明你的理論是對的而不是錯的，你展現了什麼偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 D

Confirmation bias involves favoring information that confirms previously existing beliefs, like proving a pattern right.

確認偏誤涉及偏愛能證實既有信念的資訊，例如證明一個模式是對的。

5 What is the 'Availability Heuristic' based on? 「可得性啟發法」是基於什麼？ What is the 'Availability Heuristic' based on?

「可得性啟發法」是基於什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

It occurs when immediate examples come to mind, making you believe they are more frequent.

它發生在當立即的例子浮現腦海，讓你相信那些例子發生得更頻繁。

6 How does the Halo Effect influence a job interviewer? 光環效應如何影響面試官？ How does the Halo Effect influence a job interviewer?

光環效應如何影響面試官？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The interviewer might have already formed a general idea based on something said five minutes ago.

面試官可能已經根據五分鐘前說的話，對你形成了一個大致的印象。

7 What is a characteristic of the Self-serving Bias? 自利偏差的特徵是什麼？ What is a characteristic of the Self-serving Bias?

自利偏差的特徵是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

You attribute success to internal characteristics but blame failure on outside forces.

你將成功歸因於內在特質，但將失敗歸咎於外在因素。

8 If a student fails a test and says it was 'unfair', what bias might they be showing? 如果一個學生考試考砸了說『不公平』，他可能展現了什麼偏誤？ If a student fails a test and says it was 'unfair', what bias might they be showing?

如果一個學生考試考砸了說『不公平』，他可能展現了什麼偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

This is an example of Self-serving Bias, blaming outside forces for failure.

這是自利偏差的例子，將失敗歸咎於外部因素。

9 Cognitive biases are often caused by our desire to do what? 認知偏誤通常源於我們想要做什麼？ Cognitive biases are often caused by our desire to do what?

認知偏誤通常源於我們想要做什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

They are caused because we like to simplify information processing.

它們是因為我們喜歡簡化資訊處理而引起的。

10 What is the ultimate goal of understanding cognitive biases according to the video? 根據影片，了解認知偏誤的最終目的是什麼？ What is the ultimate goal of understanding cognitive biases according to the video?

根據影片，了解認知偏誤的最終目的是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The speaker hopes you become more aware of how they distort your own ways of thinking.

演講者希望你能更意識到它們是如何扭曲你自己的思維方式。

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