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5 Common Cognitive Biases
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[Music] cognitive bias is a systematic error or pattern of deviation that occurs when
[音樂] 認知偏誤是一種系統性錯誤或偏離模式，當人們處理和詮釋
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people process and interpret information about the world individuals construct a subjective
關於世界的資訊時便會發生。個體建構了一種主觀的
00:18
constructed reality not based on objective inputs or facts which in turn then impacts decision making and
現實，而非基於客觀輸入或事實，這進而影響了決策制定與
00:25
behavior cognitive biases can lead to inaccurate judgments illogical interpretations or
行為。認知偏誤可能導致不準確的判斷、不合邏輯的詮釋或
00:32
distorted perceptions and are sometimes referred to as irrationality however these biases are often a means
扭曲的感知，有時也被稱為非理性。然而，這些偏誤通常是
00:39
of simplifying information by finding shortcuts or generalizations to help navigate the world
透過尋找捷徑或概括來簡化資訊，以協助在世界中航行的一種手段。
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[Music] confirmation bias is the tendency to search select analyze interpret and
[音樂] 確認偏誤（Confirmation bias）是指傾向於搜尋、選擇、分析、詮釋及
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recall information that supports an existing belief or value individuals will ignore facts that
回憶那些支持既有信念或價值觀的資訊。個體會忽略
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contradict their view and favor interpreting ambitious evidence that supports their beliefs
與其觀點相悖的事實，並傾向詮釋那些支持其信念的證據。
01:06
confirmation bias cannot be eliminated entirely but critical thinking skills can help mitigate and manage it
確認偏誤無法完全消除，但批判性思考技巧有助於減輕及管理它。
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an example of confirmation bias is found during elections individuals tend to actively seek
確認偏誤的一個例子可在選舉期間發現。個體傾向積極尋找
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information that casts their preferred candidate in a positive light and the opposition in a negative light
能讓其偏好的候選人看起來正面、而對手看起來負面的資訊。
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[Music] the anchoring effect occurs when an individual's decision making is
[音樂] 錨定效應（Anchoring effect）發生在個體的決策制定
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influenced by a specific point of reference known as an anchor once an anchor is established all subsequent
受到一個特定參照點（稱為錨點）影響時。一旦錨點被設定，所有後續的
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perceptions estimates and suggestions are changed to accommodate for it this is one of the harder biases to
感知、估計和建議都會隨之改變以適應它。這是較難避免或
01:49
avoid or mitigate an example of the anchoring effect is when choosing to purchase a car if two
減輕的偏誤之一。錨定效應的一個例子是選擇購買汽車時，如果兩款
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car models are placed side by side one being more expensive individuals are more likely to buy the cheaper car
車型並排陳列，其中一款價格較高，個體較傾向購買較便宜的那輛。
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however this does not mean the chosen car is cheaper relative to all available options only to the more expensive model
然而，這並不意味著所選的車在所有可用選項中相對較便宜，僅是相對於那款更貴的車型而言。
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in this case the expensive car acts as an anchor from which a price benchmark has been set
在此案例中，那輛昂貴的車充當了錨點，從而設定了價格基準。
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[Music] groupthink is a socially driven psychological bias where the need to
[音樂] 群體迷思（Groupthink）是一種社會驅動的心理偏誤，源自於對...的需求
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maintain harmony within a group of people can result in dysfunctional or irrational decisions
維持群體內部和諧可能導致功能失調或非理性的決策
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the desire for cohesiveness can lead to group members agreeing at any cost to reach a consensus with minimal conflict
對凝聚力的渴望可能導致群體成員不惜任何代價達成共識以最小化衝突
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as a result decisions are made without critical evaluation or proper analysis since controversial issues or
因此決策是在缺乏批判性評估或適當分析的情況下做出的，因為爭議性議題或
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alternative solutions are sidelined to maintain harmony there is a loss of independent thinking and creativity
替代方案為了維持和諧而被邊緣化，獨立思考和創造力因此流失
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the halo effect occurs when positive impressions formed about a brand individual product or organization in
光環效應發生在對一個品牌、個人、產品或組織在
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one specific area then further positively influence someone's feeling for them in other areas this bias is
某個特定領域形成的正面印象，進一步正面影響到對其在其他領域的感受時，這種偏見
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built on an unfounded belief of things being either good or bad based on previous interactions and judgments an
建立在毫無根據的信念上，即根據先前的互動和判斷來評定事物的好壞，一個
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example of this would be judging an individual to be nicer or meaner based on their photograph despite never having
例子是僅憑照片就判斷一個人比較親切或比較刻薄，儘管從未
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communicated with them in any form [Music] authority bias is the tendency to give
與他們有任何形式的溝通 [Music] 權威偏見是傾向於給子
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greater weight and assign greater accuracy to the opinions of a person in a position of authority regardless of
處於權威地位人士的意見更大的權重並賦予更高的準確性，無論
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the context it is classified as a social cognitive bias since the authority figure greatly
背景如何，它被歸類為一種社會認知偏見，因為權威人物會極大
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influences an individual's perceptions beliefs and opinions on a given matter this is the result of both social and
影響個人對特定事務的感知、信念和看法，這既是社會也是
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cultural conditioning which teaches that a person in authority has earned or deserves the position they are in
文化制約的結果，這種制約教導人們權威人士是earned或值得他們所處的位置
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if you are interested in studying psychology and want to learn more about psychology courses on offer speak to our
如果您有興趣學習心理學並想了解更多關於提供的心理學課程，請與我們的
04:12
higher education consultant to know your options visit us at staffordglobal.org
高等教育顧問洽談以了解您的選擇，請訪問 staffordglobal.org
04:19
[Music]
[Music]

5 Common Cognitive Biases

📝 影片摘要

本單元深入解析五種常見的認知偏誤（Cognitive Biases），說明這些系統性思維偏差如何影響我們的主觀現實建構與決策過程。影片首先定義認知偏誤為大腦簡化資訊的捷徑，隨後依序介紹：一、確認偏誤（Confirmation bias），指傾向尋找支持既有信念的資訊；二、錨定效應（Anchoring effect），指決策受初始參照點過度影響；三、群體迷思（Groupthink），指為了群體和諧而犧牲理性判斷；四、光環效應（Halo effect），指以單一特質概括整體印象；五、權威偏見（Authority bias），指過度依賴權威者的意見。課程提醒，雖然這些偏誤難以完全消除，但透過批判性思考可加以管理。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 認知偏誤是大腦處理資訊時的系統性偏差，常作為簡化世界的捷徑。
  • ✓ 確認偏誤會讓我們忽略反對意見，只關注支持自己觀點的資訊。
  • ✓ 錨定效應會讓決策受初始參照點（如高價商品）影響，扭曲對價值的判斷。
  • ✓ 群體迷思是為了維持和諧而犧牲理性分析，導致非理性決策。
  • ✓ 光環效應會讓我們根據單一特質（如外貌）來評斷整體印象。
  • ✓ 權威偏見使我們過度重視權威人士的意見，忽略其內容的正確性。
  • ✓ 這些偏誤普遍存在，無法完全消除，但可以透過意識化來管理。
  • ✓ 批判性思考是減輕認知偏誤影響的重要工具。
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
認知的
cognitive
偏離
deviation
主觀的
subjective
詮釋
interpret
確認
confirmation
反駁
contradict
減輕
mitigate
錨定
anchoring
基準
benchmark
凝聚力
cohesiveness

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 10 個重點單字
cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ adjective
of or relating to mental processes
認知的；認識的
📝 例句
"cognitive bias is a systematic error"
→ 認知偏誤是一種系統性錯誤
✨ 延伸例句
"Cognitive abilities improve with training."
→ 認知能力會隨著訓練而提升。
deviation /ˌdiːviˈeɪʃn/ noun
the action of departing from an established course or accepted standard
偏離；背離
📝 例句
"a systematic error or pattern of deviation"
→ 一種系統性錯誤或偏離模式
✨ 延伸例句
"Any deviation from the plan is risky."
→ 任何偏離計劃的行為都有風險。
subjective /səbˈdʒektɪv/ adjective
based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions
主觀的
📝 例句
"individuals construct a subjective constructed reality"
→ 個體建構了一種主觀的現實
✨ 延伸例句
"Beauty is subjective."
→ 美是主觀的。
interpret /ɪnˈtɜːrprət/ verb
to explain the meaning of something
詮釋；解釋
📝 例句
"people process and interpret information"
→ 人們處理和詮釋資訊
✨ 延伸例句
"How do you interpret these results?"
→ 你如何詮釋這些結果？
confirmation /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn/ noun
the action of confirming something
確認；證實
📝 例句
"confirmation bias is the tendency"
→ 確認偏誤是指傾向
✨ 延伸例句
"We are waiting for confirmation of the news."
→ 我們正在等待消息的確認。
contradict /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/ verb
to state the opposite of a statement
反駁；與…矛盾
📝 例句
"ignore facts that contradict their view"
→ 忽略與其觀點相悖的事實
✨ 延伸例句
"His actions contradict his words."
→ 他的行為與言語相矛盾。
mitigate /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ verb
to make something less harmful, serious, or painful
減輕；緩和
📝 例句
"critical thinking skills can help mitigate and manage it"
→ 批判性思考技巧有助於減輕及管理它
✨ 延伸例句
"We need to mitigate the risks."
→ 我們需要降低風險。
anchoring /ˈæŋkərɪŋ/ noun
the cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information
錨定
📝 例句
"the anchoring effect occurs"
→ 錨定效應發生
✨ 延伸例句
"Anchoring is common in salary negotiations."
→ 錨定在薪資談判中很常見。
benchmark /ˈbentʃmɑːrk/ noun
a standard or point of reference against which things may be compared
基準；標準
📝 例句
"a price benchmark has been set"
→ 設定了價格基準
✨ 延伸例句
"This product is the industry benchmark."
→ 這個產品是業界的基準。
cohesiveness /koʊˈhiːsɪvnəs/ noun
the action of forming a united whole
凝聚力；團結
📝 例句
"the desire for cohesiveness"
→ 對凝聚力的渴望
✨ 延伸例句
"Team cohesiveness is vital for success."
→ 團隊凝聚力對成功至關重要。
🎯 共 10 題測驗

1 What is the definition of cognitive bias provided in the video? 影片中如何定義認知偏誤？ What is the definition of cognitive bias provided in the video?

影片中如何定義認知偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video states that cognitive bias is a systematic error or pattern of deviation.

影片指出認知偏誤是一種系統性錯誤或偏離模式。

2 Which bias describes the tendency to search for information that supports existing beliefs? 哪一種偏誤描述了尋找支持既有信念的資訊的傾向？ Which bias describes the tendency to search for information that supports existing beliefs?

哪一種偏誤描述了尋找支持既有信念的資訊的傾向？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

Confirmation bias is defined as the tendency to search for information that supports existing beliefs.

確認偏誤被定義為尋找支持既有信念的資訊的傾向。

3 In the car purchasing example, what role does the expensive car play? 在購買汽車的例子中，昂貴的車扮演什麼角色？ In the car purchasing example, what role does the expensive car play?

在購買汽車的例子中，昂貴的車扮演什麼角色？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The expensive car acts as an anchor, setting a price benchmark.

昂貴的車充當了錨點，設定了價格基準。

4 What is the primary cause of Groupthink? 群體迷思的主要原因是什麼？ What is the primary cause of Groupthink?

群體迷思的主要原因是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Groupthink is driven by the need to maintain harmony within a group.

群體迷思是由於需要維持群體內部和諧所驅動。

5 What does the Halo Effect rely on? 光環效應依賴什麼？ What does the Halo Effect rely on?

光環效應依賴什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The Halo Effect is built on unfounded beliefs based on previous interactions.

光環效應建立在基於先前互動的毫無根據的信念上。

6 Why is Authority Bias classified as a social cognitive bias? 為什麼權威偏見被歸類為社會認知偏誤？ Why is Authority Bias classified as a social cognitive bias?

為什麼權威偏見被歸類為社會認知偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

It is classified as social because authority figures greatly influence perceptions and beliefs.

它被歸類為社會性是因為權威人物極大影響個人的感知和信念。

7 According to the video, can confirmation bias be eliminated entirely? 根據影片，確認偏誤可以完全消除嗎？ According to the video, can confirmation bias be eliminated entirely?

根據影片，確認偏誤可以完全消除嗎？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video states confirmation bias cannot be eliminated entirely but can be managed.

影片指出確認偏誤無法完全消除，但可以加以管理。

8 What is a consequence of Groupthink mentioned in the video? 影片中提到群體迷思的後果是什麼？ What is a consequence of Groupthink mentioned in the video?

影片中提到群體迷思的後果是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Groupthink leads to a loss of independent thinking and creativity.

群體迷思會導致獨立思考和創造力的流失。

9 Which bias is described as being hard to avoid or mitigate? 哪一種偏誤被描述為難以避免或減輕？ Which bias is described as being hard to avoid or mitigate?

哪一種偏誤被描述為難以避免或減輕？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The anchoring effect is described as one of the harder biases to avoid.

錨定效應被描述為較難避免的偏誤之一。

10 How does the video suggest we navigate the world despite cognitive biases? 影片建議我們該如何克服認知偏誤來導航世界？ How does the video suggest we navigate the world despite cognitive biases?

影片建議我們該如何克服認知偏誤來導航世界？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Critical thinking skills are suggested to help mitigate and manage biases.

建議使用批判性思考技巧來幫助減輕和管理偏誤。

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