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Cognitive Biases Shape Our World
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00:00
in this video we're going to dive into something that's really strange and it's it's a concept of cognitive biases you
在這支影片中，我們要深入探討一件非常奇特的事，那就是認知偏誤的概念。
00:06
see your brain and my brain has way too much data coming in more information than the 300 million pattern recognizers
你看，你的大腦和我的大腦都接收了太多數據，資訊量遠超過我們大腦皮質中那 3 億個模式辨識器所能處理的極限。
00:15
that we have in our neocortex can actually handle and because of that we take shortcuts and these are called
正因如此，我們會採取捷徑，而這些捷徑就被稱為。
00:23
heuristics or cognitive biases so here's an example of a shortcut we have a tendency to trust people who are better
啟發法或認知偏誤。這裡有個走捷徑的例子：我們傾向於信任長得好看的人。
00:30
looking we have a tendency to trust people who look like us or dress like us I mean are you wearing a black
我們傾向於信任長得像我們或穿著像我們的人。我是說，如果你穿著一件黑色的鈕扣襯衫，你會因此而信任我嗎？
00:36
button-down shirt do you trust me because of that you know there are other cognitive biases that I want you to
你知道嗎，還有其他認知偏誤，我希望你在日常生活中思考一下。
00:43
think about through your day now one of the cognitive biases is the illusion of control you know it's the guy or gal at
其中一種認知偏誤是控制錯覺。你知道，就是那些在運動賽事中的人，在關鍵的第四節進攻線時，非得站起來以某種特定方式加油吶喊。
00:50
the sporting event who at a particular on the fourth down line has to be standing up and cheering in a certain
因為他們知道，當他們這麼做時，他們支持的隊伍就會贏球。
00:55
way because they know that when they do that that team is going to win now of course that's a illusion of control
這當然是一種控制錯覺。
01:04
there's an overconfidence effect the tendency to overestimate one's own abilities and there's a pracy effect the
還有過度自信效應，也就是高估自己能力的傾向；以及普拉西效應（Pratfall Effect），對最初事件的權重遠高於後續事件的傾向。
01:11
tendency to weigh the initial events far more than subsequent events you know one of my favorite ones that we all have to
你知道，作為企業家，我們都必須小心的一種偏誤是確認偏誤。
01:21
be careful about as entrepreneurs is confirmation bias now this concept of confirmation bias is searching for
這個確認偏誤的概念是，以一種能證實自己既有觀點的方式去搜尋和解讀資訊。
01:29
interpreting information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions now you can call this the
你可以稱之為羊群效應，你想怎麼稱呼都行。
01:35
herd effect you can call it whatever you want but if you're an entrepreneur and you have a great idea that you think
但如果你是一位企業家，你有一個你認為很棒的創業點子，然後你去找也相信這個點子很棒的人。
01:42
it's a great idea for a startup and you go and find people who also believe that's a great idea and surround
並讓自己身邊圍繞著其他也認為這個點子很棒的企業家，從來得不到任何批評。
01:49
yourself by other entrepreneurs who think that's a great idea and don't ever get criticism that's a way of getting
這就是陷入確認偏誤的一種方式，它可能讓你走上一條危險的道路。
01:56
confirmation bias and it can lead you down a road that's a dangerous road I know in my conversations with Elon he
我知道，在我與伊隆（Elon Musk）的對話中，他來自特斯拉（Tesla）和 SpaceX。
02:03
Elon Musk from Tesla and SpaceX he has said to me listen my best friends are those that give me the most brutal
他曾對我說：「聽著，我最好的朋友是那些給我最殘酷批評的人。」
02:10
criticism I don't want to hear that you think it's a great idea I want you tell me what's wrong with this so your
「我不想聽你說這個點子很棒，我要你告訴我這東西有什麼問題。」
02:16
ability to not fall into a confirmation bias as an entrepreneur to really hear
所以，作為一位企業家，你能否不陷入確認偏誤，真正地去傾聽...
02:23
everybody's ideas the negativity the reasons that's wrong with it and weigh and balance those things is critically
每個人的想法、其中的負面因素以及它錯在哪裡，並權衡和平衡這些事情，是至關重要的
02:31
important okay in our next video I'm going to go into what I consider the four other most important areas for
好的。在下一支影片中，我將深入探討我認為在認知偏誤領域中，創業者最需要注意的另外四個重要領域
02:37
entrepreneurs in the world of cognitive biases what to watch out for what to be looking
有哪些需要提防、需要留意的地方
02:44
[Music] for
[音樂]

Cognitive Biases Shape Our World

📝 影片摘要

本單元深入解析「認知偏誤」如何影響我們的決策。影片指出，由於大腦處理資訊的能力有限，我們會依賴「啟發法」或「認知偏誤」等捷徑來快速判斷。課程列舉了多種常見的偏誤，包括因外表而產生的信任偏誤、控制錯覺、過度自信效應以及普拉西效應。其中，影片特別強調企業家最需警惕的「確認偏誤」，即只尋求支持既有觀點的資訊。透過伊隆·馬斯克的例子，說明聆聽反對意見的重要性，鼓勵聽眾在做決策時應保持客觀，避免陷入偏誤陷阱。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 大腦因處理資訊能力有限，會使用「啟發法」或「認知偏誤」作為捷徑。
  • ✓ 常見偏誤包括信任長得好看或穿著相似的人。
  • ✓ 「控制錯覺」：誤以為自己的行為（如加油）能影響與自身無關的結果。
  • ✓ 「過度自信效應」：高估自身能力的傾向。
  • ✓ 「普拉西效應」：對最初事件的權重遠高於後續事件。
  • ✓ 「確認偏誤」是企業家的大敵：只尋求支持既有觀點的資訊，忽略批評。
  • ✓ 伊隆·馬斯克的例子：最好的朋友是給予最殘酷批評的人。
  • ✓ 避免偏誤的方法：主動傾聽負面意見，權衡各方觀點。
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
認知的
cognitive
偏誤
biases
啟發法
heuristics
錯覺
illusion
過度自信
overconfidence
確認
confirmation
解讀
interpreting
成見
preconceptions
群體
herd
企業家
entrepreneurs

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 10 個重點單字
cognitive /ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv/ adjective
of or relating to mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning.
認知的；認識的
📝 例句
"in this video we're going to dive into something that's really strange and it's it's a concept of cognitive biases you"
→ 在這支影片中，我們要深入探討一件非常奇特的事，那就是認知偏誤的概念。
✨ 延伸例句
"Cognitive abilities decline with age."
→ 認知能力會隨著年齡增長而下降。
biases /ˈbaɪəsɪz/ noun
inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair.
偏誤；偏見
📝 例句
"in this video we're going to dive into something that's really strange and it's it's a concept of cognitive biases you"
→ 在這支影片中，我們要深入探討一件非常奇特的事，那就是認知偏誤的概念。
✨ 延伸例句
"There are inherent biases in the selection process."
→ 篩選過程中存在固有的偏誤。
heuristics /hjʊˈrɪstɪks/ noun
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision making.
啟發法；探試法
📝 例句
"we take shortcuts and these are called heuristics or cognitive biases"
→ 我們會採取捷徑，而這些捷徑就被稱為啟發法或認知偏誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"Using heuristics can save time but may lead to errors."
→ 使用啟發法可以節省時間，但可能導致錯誤。
illusion /ɪˈluːʒn/ noun
a false idea or belief.
錯覺；幻覺
📝 例句
"now of course that's a illusion of control"
→ 這當然是一種控制錯覺。
✨ 延伸例句
"He had an illusion of grandeur."
→ 他有一種偉大的錯覺。
overconfidence /ˌəʊvərˈkɒnfɪdəns/ noun
excessive confidence in one's own answers or abilities.
過度自信
📝 例句
"there's an overconfidence effect the tendency to overestimate one's own abilities"
→ 還有過度自信效應，也就是高估自己能力的傾向。
✨ 延伸例句
"Overconfidence led to his downfall."
→ 過度自信導致了他的失敗。
confirmation /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn/ noun
the action of confirming something.
確認；證實
📝 例句
"one of my favorite ones that we all have to be careful about as entrepreneurs is confirmation bias"
→ 作為企業家，我們都必須小心的一種偏誤是確認偏誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"We are waiting for confirmation of the news."
→ 我們正在等待消息的確認。
interpreting /ɪnˈtɜːprɪtɪŋ/ verb
explaining the meaning of information or actions.
解讀；詮釋
📝 例句
"searching for interpreting information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions"
→ 以一種能證實自己既有觀點的方式去搜尋和解讀資訊。
✨ 延伸例句
"She is skilled at interpreting data."
→ 她擅長解讀數據。
preconceptions /ˌpriːkənˈsepʃnz/ noun
an idea or opinion formed before enough information is available.
成見；預想
📝 例句
"searching for interpreting information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions"
→ 以一種能證實自己既有觀點的方式去搜尋和解讀資訊。
✨ 延伸例句
"He set aside his preconceptions about the industry."
→ 他放下了對這個行業的成見。
herd /hɜːrd/ noun
a large group of people with a common characteristic.
群體；大眾
📝 例句
"you can call this the herd effect"
→ 你可以稱之為羊群效應。
✨ 延伸例句
"They followed the herd mentality."
→ 他們遵循了羊群心態。
entrepreneurs /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːrz/ noun
people who organize and operate a business, taking on financial risk.
企業家；創業者
📝 例句
"if you're an entrepreneur and you have a great idea that you think it's a great idea for a startup"
→ 如果你是一位企業家，你有一個你認為很棒的創業點子。
✨ 延伸例句
"Entrepreneurs drive economic growth."
→ 企業家推動經濟增長。
🎯 共 10 題測驗

1 According to the video, what is the primary reason humans use cognitive biases? 根據影片，人類使用認知偏誤的主要原因是什麼？ According to the video, what is the primary reason humans use cognitive biases?

根據影片，人類使用認知偏誤的主要原因是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video states that our brains have way too much data coming in, more than the 300 million pattern recognizers can handle, so we take shortcuts.

影片指出，我們的大腦接收了太多數據，超過了3億個模式辨識器的處理極限，所以我們會採取捷徑。

2 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a specific type of cognitive bias in the video? 以下哪一項不是影片中提到的特定認知偏誤？ Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a specific type of cognitive bias in the video?

以下哪一項不是影片中提到的特定認知偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video mentions Illusion of control, Overconfidence effect, and Pratfall effect, but does not mention Hindsight bias.

影片提到了控制錯覺、過度自信效應和普拉西效應，但沒有提到後見之明偏誤。

3 What is the definition of 'Confirmation Bias' provided in the video? 影片中對「確認偏誤」的定義是什麼？ What is the definition of 'Confirmation Bias' provided in the video?

影片中對「確認偏誤」的定義是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video defines confirmation bias as 'searching for interpreting information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions'.

影片將確認偏誤定義為「以一種能證實自己既有觀點的方式去搜尋和解讀資訊」。

4 What example does the video use to explain the 'Illusion of Control'? 影片使用什麼例子來解釋「控制錯覺」？ What example does the video use to explain the 'Illusion of Control'?

影片使用什麼例子來解釋「控制錯覺」？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video describes a person at a sporting event cheering in a certain way because they believe it helps their team win.

影片描述了體育賽事中的人以特定方式加油，因為他們相信這能幫助球隊贏球。

5 According to Elon Musk (as mentioned in the video), what does he want from his friends? 根據影片中引用的伊隆·馬斯克，他希望從朋友那裡得到什麼？ According to Elon Musk (as mentioned in the video), what does he want from his friends?

根據影片中引用的伊隆·馬斯克，他希望從朋友那裡得到什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

Elon Musk stated, 'My best friends are those that give me the most brutal criticism.'

伊隆·馬斯克說：「我最好的朋友是那些給我最殘酷批評的人。」

6 Why is confirmation bias dangerous for entrepreneurs according to the video? 根據影片，為什麼確認偏誤對企業家是危險的？ Why is confirmation bias dangerous for entrepreneurs according to the video?

根據影片，為什麼確認偏誤對企業家是危險的？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video warns that confirmation bias 'can lead you down a road that's a dangerous road'.

影片警告確認偏誤「可能讓你走上一條危險的道路」。

7 What is the 'Pratfall Effect' described in the video? 影片中描述的「普拉西效應」是什麼？ What is the 'Pratfall Effect' described in the video?

影片中描述的「普拉西效應」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video defines the Pratfall effect as 'the tendency to weigh the initial events far more than subsequent events'.

影片將普拉西效應定義為「對最初事件的權重遠高於後續事件的傾向」。

8 Which cognitive bias involves trusting people who look like us or dress like us? 哪種認知偏誤涉及信任長得像我們或穿著像我們的人？ Which cognitive bias involves trusting people who look like us or dress like us?

哪種認知偏誤涉及信任長得像我們或穿著像我們的人？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video mentions 'We have a tendency to trust people who look like us or dress like us.' (Labeled as an example of a shortcut/bias).

影片提到「我們傾向於信任長得像我們或穿著像我們的人」。（標示為捷徑/偏誤的例子）。

9 What specific advice does the video give to avoid confirmation bias? 影片給出什麼具體建議來避免確認偏誤？ What specific advice does the video give to avoid confirmation bias?

影片給出什麼具體建議來避免確認偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video advises entrepreneurs to 'really hear everybody's ideas the negativity the reasons that's wrong with it'.

影片建議企業家要「真正地去傾聽每個人的想法、其中的負面因素以及它錯在哪裡」。

10 What is the 'Herd Effect' referred to in the context of confirmation bias? 在確認偏誤的背景下，「羊群效應」指的是什麼？ What is the 'Herd Effect' referred to in the context of confirmation bias?

在確認偏誤的背景下，「羊群效應」指的是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video equates confirmation bias with surrounding yourself by other entrepreneurs who think the same way and don't offer criticism.

影片將確認偏誤等同於讓自己身邊圍繞著想法相同、不給批評的企業家。

測驗完成！得分： / 10

完成課程 🎉