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Cognitive Biases Definition Explained With Examples
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00:00
in my previous video about mental models I've talked about cognitive biases a little bit but this is the formal
在我之前關於思維模型的影片中，我稍微談到了認知偏誤，但這是有關認知偏誤的正式說明
00:08
explanation of cognitive biases so as usual if we break down the words we have
所以像往常一樣，如果我們拆解這個詞，我們會有「認知」和「偏誤」。首先讓我們看看「認知」這個詞，認知的古老詞彙其實是 cognition
00:15
cognitive and biases first let's look at the word cognitive the old word for cognitive is actually cognition the
認知的正式定義是獲得知識以及理解真實想法、經驗和感官的心理活動或過程
00:25
formal definition of cognition would be the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding
聽起來很複雜，讓我們稍微拆解一下
00:34
true thought experience and the senses as always the formal definition sounds convoluted let's break it down a little
認知其實是獲取、處理和理解知識的過程
00:44
bit cognition is actually the process of acquiring processing and understanding
換句話說，它可以是思考的過程，你的認知就是你的思考方式
00:50
knowledge in other words it can be the process of thinking your cognition is
我們擁有的第二個詞是「偏誤」，這其實很簡單，偏誤意味著傾向某事物
00:58
how you think the second word we had was bias this is actually an easy one bias
所以如果我們把這兩個詞組合起來，我們得到「認知偏誤」，也就是對某種思考方式的傾向
01:06
means inclination towards something so if we combine these two words we get
認知偏誤的實際定義是人類在做決策和處理資訊時的系統性錯誤
01:14
cognitive bias and we would have inclination to a way of thinking the
簡單來說，認知偏誤是你心智中的漏洞，它們會阻礙你正常思考
01:22
actual definition of cognitive bias would be the systematic error in human decision-making and information
如果你的大腦中有一個或多個認知偏誤，你對現實的感知將無法與真實的現實相符
01:31
processing if we put it in simple terms cognitive biases are loopholes in your
我認為舉例是最好的理解方式。假設你可能有一種認知信念，認為每個人都對你有不好的看法，包括你的配偶、老闆、鄰居，所有人
01:40
mind that do not let you think properly if you have one or more cognitive biases
因此，即使你沒有錯，你也可能認為別人會把所有事情都怪到你頭上。我們都知道通常情況並非如此
01:47
in your brain your perception of reality is not actually going to match the actual reality itself
而在這個光譜的完全另一端，則是認為一切總是進展順利，絕對沒有人能為任何事責怪你的想法
01:55
I think examples are best ways to understand these let's say that you might have a cognitive belief that
這樣一來，即使出了問題而且是你的錯，你也不太可能承擔責任
02:04
everyone thinks bad of you even your spouse your boss your neighbor everybody then
每個人都對你有負面看法，包括你的配偶、老闆、鄰居，所有人都是如此
02:12
even when you are not at fault you might think that others are going to blame you for everything as we all know that is
即使你沒有錯，你也可能認為別人都會把所有事情怪罪到你頭上，但我們都知道事實並非如此
02:22
not usually the case and on the complete opposite end of that spectrum would be the thought that everything is always
事實並非如此，而這種心態的完全相反極端則是認為所有事情總是
02:31
going great and absolutely no one can blame you for anything that way even if
一帆風順，絕對沒有人能因為任何事情責怪你，就這樣，即使
02:39
something goes wrong and it is your fault you are not likely to take the blame for it
出了問題而且是你的錯，你也不太可能承擔責任
02:46
both of these thought processes are inherently wrong as in they do not match the reality you are going to be good at
這兩種思維方式本質上都是錯誤的，因為它們不符合現實。你會在某些事情上表現出色，
02:56
something and you are going to be bad at something nothing happens in absolute all the time the problem with cognitive
也會在某些事情上表現不佳。沒有什麼事情是永遠絕對的。認知偏誤的問題在於，
03:04
biases is that you aren't even aware of the fact that if you have one or more of these biases or not the only way to make
你甚至沒有意識到自己是否有一種或多種偏誤。確保自己沒有偏誤的唯一方法，
03:14
sure that you don't have any biases is to educate yourself with these biases once you know what these biases are and
就是去了解這些偏誤。一旦你知道這些偏誤是什麼，
03:22
how they affect us in your lives you will be able to avoid them in your day to day life but for now I'd like to
以及它們如何影響我們的生活，你就能在日常生活中避免它們。但在此之前，我要
03:30
thank you all for watching I hope you learned something new today and my request to you would be to subscribe to
感謝大家的觀看。希望今天你們學到了新東西，而我的請求是，請訂閱
03:39
this channel so that I understand that people want this kind of content and I
這個頻道。這樣我就能知道大家想看這類內容，而我
03:45
will keep making them and for the bonus part I'd like to say the Spanish for do
也會繼續製作。另外，作為加碼內容，我想教大家西班牙文的「你懂嗎？」是 entiendes，
03:54
you understand is entiendes and the Spanish for I understand is
而「我懂」是 entiendo，
04:02
entiendo and the Spanish for I don't
「我不懂」是 no entiendo，
04:08
understand is no entiendo and that is
這些就是
04:15
the official end of this video
本影片的正式結尾。

Cognitive Biases Definition Explained With Examples

📝 影片摘要

本單元深入解析「認知偏誤」的定義與其對個人決策的影響。影片首先將「認知」（獲取與處理知識的心理過程）與「偏誤」（對特定事物的傾向）拆解組合，說明認知偏誤是人類在處理資訊與做決策時，一種會導致系統性錯誤的思維漏洞。這些偏誤會使我們對現實的感知失真，例如過度悲觀地認為所有人都在針對自己，或過度樂觀地認為自己絕不會犯錯。影片強調，由於人們往往不自覺帶有偏誤，因此唯有透過學習與自我教育，瞭解並辨識出這些偏誤，才能在日常生活中避免其影響，做出更符合現實的正確判斷。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 認知（Cognition）指獲取、處理和理解知識的心理過程，也就是我們的思考方式。
  • ✓ 偏誤（Bias）意指對某種事物的特定傾向或偏好。
  • ✓ 認知偏誤是人類在做決策與處理資訊時，出現的系統性錯誤。
  • ✓ 認知偏誤如同心智中的漏洞，會阻礙我們進行正常、客觀的思考。
  • ✓ 偏誤會導致個人對現實的感知與真實情況不符，從而做出錯誤判斷。
  • ✓ 常見的偏誤類型包括：認為所有人都針對自己的悲觀偏誤，以及認為自己絕不會犯錯的過度樂觀偏誤。
  • ✓ 這些極端化的思維（全好或全壞）都與現實不符，是錯誤的思考模式。
  • ✓ 克服認知偏誤的唯一方法是「自我教育」，先了解偏誤的存在與運作方式，才能在日常中加以避免。
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
認知的
cognitive
認知
cognition
獲得
acquiring
偏見
bias
傾向
inclination
系統性的
systematic
感知
perception
現實
reality
光譜
spectrum
本質上
inherently

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 10 個重點單字
cognitive /ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv/ adjective
of or relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning.
認知的；認識的
📝 例句
"In my previous video about mental models I've talked about cognitive biases a little bit but this is the formal explanation of cognitive biases."
→ 在我之前關於思維模型的影片中，我稍微談到了認知偏誤，但這是有關認知偏誤的正式說明。
✨ 延伸例句
"Cognitive abilities tend to decline with age."
→ 認知能力往往會隨著年齡增長而下降。
cognition /kɒɡˈnɪʃn/ noun
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
認知；認識
📝 例句
"The formal definition of cognition would be the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding true thought experience and the senses."
→ 認知的正式定義是獲得知識以及理解真實想法、經驗和感官的心理活動或過程。
✨ 延伸例句
"The study focuses on child development and cognition."
→ 這項研究專注於兒童發展與認知。
acquiring /əˈkwaɪərɪŋ/ verb
the act of gaining or obtaining something.
獲得；取得
📝 例句
"Cognition is actually the process of acquiring processing and understanding knowledge."
→ 認知其實是獲取、處理和理解知識的過程。
✨ 延伸例句
"He spent years acquiring the skills needed for the job."
→ 他花了數年時間習得這份工作所需的技能。
bias /ˈbaɪəs/ noun
inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair.
偏見；偏誤
📝 例句
"The second word we had was bias this is actually an easy one bias means inclination towards something."
→ 我們擁有的第二個詞是「偏誤」，這其實很簡單，偏誤意味著傾向某事物。
✨ 延伸例句
"There is a bias against hiring older workers."
→ 在僱用年長員工方面存在偏見。
inclination /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn/ noun
a person's natural tendency or preference.
傾向；趨勢
📝 例句
"So if we combine these two words we get cognitive bias and we would have inclination to a way of thinking."
→ 所以如果我們把這兩個詞組合起來，我們得到「認知偏誤」，也就是對某種思考方式的傾向。
✨ 延伸例句
"She has an inclination towards artistic pursuits."
→ 她對藝術活動有著天然的傾向。
systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/ adjective
done according to a system or plan; methodical.
系統性的；有條理的
📝 例句
"The actual definition of cognitive bias would be the systematic error in human decision-making and information processing."
→ 認知偏誤的實際定義是人類在做決策和處理資訊時的系統性錯誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"The investigation was systematic and thorough."
→ 這項調查是系統性且徹底的。
perception /pərˈsepʃn/ noun
the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.
感知；看法
📝 例句
"If you have one or more cognitive biases in your brain your perception of reality is not actually going to match the actual reality itself."
→ 如果你的大腦中有一個或多個認知偏誤，你對現實的感知將無法與真實的現實相符。
✨ 延伸例句
"Her perception of the situation was completely wrong."
→ 她對當時情況的看法完全是錯誤的。
reality /riˈæləti/ noun
the state of things as they actually exist.
現實；事實
📝 例句
"Your perception of reality is not actually going to match the actual reality itself."
→ 你對現實的感知將無法與真實的現實相符。
✨ 延伸例句
"We need to face the reality of the situation."
→ 我們需要面對當時情況的現實。
spectrum /ˈspektrəm/ noun
a range of something; a complete range or scope.
光譜；範圍
📝 例句
"And on the complete opposite end of that spectrum would be the thought that everything is always going great."
→ 而在這個光譜的完全另一端，則是認為一切總是進展順利的想法。
✨ 延伸例句
"The company offers a wide spectrum of services."
→ 該公司提供廣泛的服務範圍。
inherently /ɪnˈhɪrəntli/ adverb
in a permanent, essential, or characteristic way.
本質上；固有地
📝 例句
"Both of these thought processes are inherently wrong as in they do not match the reality."
→ 這兩種思維方式本質上都是錯誤的，因為它們不符合現實。
✨ 延伸例句
"The plan is inherently risky."
→ 這個計畫本質上是有風險的。
🎯 共 10 題測驗

1 According to the video, what is the formal definition of 'cognition'? 根據影片，「認知」的正式定義是什麼？ According to the video, what is the formal definition of 'cognition'?

根據影片，「認知」的正式定義是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video defines cognition as the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding.

影片將認知定義為獲得知識與理解的心理活動或過程。

2 What does the word 'bias' mean in this context? 在這個語境下，「bias」的意思是什麼？ What does the word 'bias' mean in this context?

在這個語境下，「bias」的意思是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video states that bias means 'inclination towards something'.

影片指出，bias 的意思是「對某事物的傾向」。

3 What is the definition of 'cognitive bias' provided in the video? 影片中提供的「認知偏誤」定義是什麼？ What is the definition of 'cognitive bias' provided in the video?

影片中提供的「認知偏誤」定義是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video explicitly defines cognitive bias as the systematic error in human decision-making and information processing.

影片明確定義認知偏誤為人類在做決策和處理資訊時的系統性錯誤。

4 How does the video describe the effect of cognitive biases on our perception of reality? 影片如何描述認知偏誤對我們現實感知的影響？ How does the video describe the effect of cognitive biases on our perception of reality?

影片如何描述認知偏誤對我們現實感知的影響？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video explains that if you have cognitive biases, your perception of reality will not match the actual reality itself.

影片解釋，如果你有認知偏誤，你對現實的感知將無法與真實的現實相符。

5 What is an example of a cognitive belief mentioned in the video? 影片中提到的認知信念例子是什麼？ What is an example of a cognitive belief mentioned in the video?

影片中提到的認知信念例子是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video gives an example of a cognitive belief that everyone thinks bad of you, including your spouse and boss.

影片舉例了一種認知信念，認為包括配偶和老闆在內的每個人都對你有不好的看法。

6 What is the 'opposite end' of the spectrum regarding cognitive biases mentioned in the video? 影片中提到的關於認知偏誤的光譜「另一端」是什麼？ What is the 'opposite end' of the spectrum regarding cognitive biases mentioned in the video?

影片中提到的關於認知偏誤的光譜「另一端」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video describes the opposite end of the spectrum as the thought that everything is always going great and no one can blame you.

影片描述光譜的另一端是認為一切總是進展順利，且沒有人能責怪你的想法。

7 Why are both extreme thought processes mentioned in the video considered wrong? 為什麼影片中提到的兩種極端思維方式都被認為是錯誤的？ Why are both extreme thought processes mentioned in the video considered wrong?

為什麼影片中提到的兩種極端思維方式都被認為是錯誤的？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

The video states that both thought processes are inherently wrong because they do not match the reality.

影片指出，這兩種思維方式本質上都是錯誤的，因為它們不符合現實。

8 What is the problem with cognitive biases mentioned in the video? 影片中提到的認知偏誤的問題是什麼？ What is the problem with cognitive biases mentioned in the video?

影片中提到的認知偏誤的問題是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video points out that the problem is that you aren't even aware of the fact that you have one or more of these biases.

影片指出，問題在於你甚至沒有意識到自己是否帶有這些偏誤。

9 According to the video, what is the only way to ensure you don't have biases? 根據影片，確保自己沒有偏誤的唯一方法是什麼？ According to the video, what is the only way to ensure you don't have biases?

根據影片，確保自己沒有偏誤的唯一方法是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video states that the only way to make sure you don't have any biases is to educate yourself with these biases.

影片指出，確保自己沒有任何偏誤的唯一方法就是透過這些偏誤來教育自己。

10 What bonus language lesson did the video provide at the end? 影片結尾提供了什麼額外的語言課程？ What bonus language lesson did the video provide at the end?

影片結尾提供了什麼額外的語言課程？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

As a bonus, the video taught Spanish phrases such as 'entiendes' (do you understand).

作為加碼內容，影片教授了西班牙語，例如 'entiendes'（你懂嗎？）。

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