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Cognitive Biases
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00:02
We are all quite familiar with the phenomenon of optical illusions, but less so with that of cognitive biases, yet these perceptual distortions that are to our mind what optical illusions are to our visual system incite us to make erroneous judgments or bad decisions
我們對視覺錯覺現象都相當熟悉，但對認知偏誤則較為陌生；然而，這些對心智的扭曲，就如同視覺錯覺對我們視覺系統的影響，會促使我們做出錯誤的判斷或糟糕的決定。
00:19
daily.
日常。
00:20
These shortcuts of the mind that allow the brain to simplify the processing of information are inevitable.
這些讓大腦簡化資訊處理的心智捷徑是無可避免的。
00:27
Still, we can learn to detect them by better understanding them.
然而，只要更深入地了解它們，我們就能學會加以察覺。
00:32
At the outset, I invite you to answer the following riddle as fast as possible.
首先，我邀請你盡快回答以下謎題。
00:37
I am the sister of two Olympic athletes, yet these two athletes are not my sisters.
我是兩位奧運選手的姊妹，但這兩位選手並不是我的姊妹。
00:42
How is that possible?
怎麼可能？
00:44
You may pause the video and think about the solution.
你可以暫停影片，思考一下解答。
00:47
Otherwise, here it is.
好吧，答案就在這裡。
00:52
Well, these two Olympic athletes are my brothers.
好吧，這兩位奧運選手是我的兄弟。
00:56
Just because I am a girl doesn't mean I only have sisters.
我是女生，不代表我只有姊妹。
01:00
Congratulations if you got the correct answer.
答對了，恭喜你。
01:03
Your critical thinking skills are well-trained, but chances are you got it wrong, even though you thought you were thinking logically and rationally.
你的批判性思考能力訓練有素，但很可能你還是搞錯了，即使你以為自己正在進行邏輯且理性的思考。
01:11
In fact, it is your brain that has managed to deceive you, as it very often does through cognitive processes that allow it, under certain constraints, to provide quick and intuitive answers that are satisfactory on the surface.
事實上，是你的大腦欺騙了你，它經常這麼做，透過某些認知過程，讓它在特定限制下，提供表面上看起來令人滿意、快速又直覺的答案。
01:26
When these intuitive thoughts mislead us, they are called cognitive biases.
當這些直覺想法誤導我們時，它們就被稱為認知偏誤。
01:31
This brain process is automatic and unconscious, and while we can, to some extent, intervene in it after the fact, it is impossible to prevent.
這個大腦運作是自動且無意識的，雖然我們可以在事後某種程度上進行干預，但要預先阻止它是不可能的。
01:41
There are four reasons why our brain resorts to cognitive biases.
大腦之所以會訴諸認知偏誤，主要有四個原因。
01:46
An overabundance of information to process, the need to make sense, the need to act quickly, the need to store information for later use, given our limited cognitive abilities.
面對處理不完的龐雜資訊、理解局勢的需求、必須迅速採取行動，以及在有限的認知能力下儲存資訊以供日後使用的需求。
01:59
There are about 250 different cognitive biases, of which the following are a sample.
認知偏誤大約有兩百五十種，以下列舉其中一部分。
02:06
Confirmation bias is a tendency to favor information that supports our hypotheses or preconceived ideas, and to underestimate or ignore information that does not support them.
確認偏誤是一種傾向，讓我們偏好支持自身假設或既有成見的資訊，同時低估或忽略那些不支持它們的資訊。
02:18
For example, choosing only one new source as your information outlet, or making an impression about an article just from its title, without reading it entirely.
例如，只選擇單一新聞來源作為你的資訊管道，或僅憑文章標題就對內容下定論，而沒有完整閱讀。
02:29
And if you think you are not subject to confirmation bias, just ask yourself if you ever got defensive when someone challenged your views on a specific topic.
如果你認為自己不受確認偏誤影響，不妨問問自己：當有人挑戰你對某個特定議題的看法時，你是否曾變得防衛心十足？
02:39
Hindsight bias can be summarized by the classic, “I knew it from the start.” It consists of overestimating after an event has taken place the fact that it was foreseeable or probable.
後見之明偏誤可以用那句經典的「我早就知道會這樣」來概括。它指的是在事件發生後，過度高估該事件原本可被預見或發生機率很高的事實。
02:51
In fact, we try to put the present in line with the past.
事實上，我們會試圖讓當下的情況與過去保持一致。
02:54
That is, the event, once realized in line with the context preceding the event.
也就是說，該事件一旦發生，便會被納入事件發生前的脈絡中來理解。
03:00
The fundamental attribution error is a bias that consists of overestimating the personal characteristics of individuals, their personality, opinions, intentions, etc.
基本歸因謬誤是一種認知偏誤，指的是過度高估個人特質，例如他們的個性、觀點、意圖等。
03:11
To explain their behavior and underestimating the external and situational factors that might come into play.
用以解釋自身行為，並低估了可能發揮作用的外部與情境因素。
03:18
For example, actors and actresses can often be confused with their on-screen characters.
例如，演員經常會與他們在螢幕上所飾演的角色被搞混。
03:25
Overconfidence is a cognitive bias that affects more than half of us.
過度自信是一種認知偏誤，影響了超過半數的人。
03:30
It consists of overestimating one's abilities, especially in relation to those of others.
這是指過度高估自身能力，特別是與他人能力相比之下的一種狀態。
03:36
The majority of us would therefore consider ourselves to have an above-average intelligence, which is mathematically improbable.
因此，我們大多數人會認為自己的智商高於平均水準，但這在數學上是不太可能發生的。
03:44
In conclusion, developing one's critical thinking and many cognitive skills, as well as taking a step back from one's emotions when making a decision, is necessary to better fight against the traps our brain sets for us.
總結來說，培養批判性思維與多項認知技能，並在做決策時與自身情緒保持距離，是我們對抗大腦設下陷阱的必要之道。
03:57
And knowing some of the different cognitive biases is also useful, if only to become aware that we are indeed victims of them.
了解一些不同的認知偏誤也很有用，至少能讓我們意識到自己確實是這些偏誤的受害者。
04:05
This video is a snippet of our more extensive article on cognitive biases.
這支影片是我們關於認知偏誤的完整文章中的一段精華。
04:10
We invite you to check it out and discover our blog, which explores a wide range of topics related to education and technology.
我們誠摯邀請您點閱並探索我們的部落格，其中深入探討了與教育及科技相關的廣泛議題。

Cognitive Biases

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📝 影片摘要

本單元深入解析認知偏誤，將其比喻為心智的扭曲，如同視覺錯覺般，會導致我們做出錯誤的判斷或糟糕的決策。影片指出，這些心智捷徑是大腦為簡化資訊處理而無可避免的運作，雖然無法完全阻止，但透過深入了解便能學會察覺。大腦訴諸認知偏誤主要有四大原因：面對龐雜資訊、理解局勢需求、迅速採取行動，以及在有限認知能力下儲存資訊。影片列舉了數種常見的認知偏誤，包括：確認偏誤（偏好支持自身觀點的資訊）、後見之明偏誤（事後過度高估事件可預見性）、基本歸因謬誤（過度強調個人特質，低估情境因素）以及過度自信（過度高估自身能力）。最後強調，培養批判性思維、發展認知技能，並在決策時與自身情緒保持距離，是對抗這些大腦陷阱的關鍵。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 認知偏誤是心智扭曲，導致錯誤判斷與糟糕決策。
  • ✓ 它們是大腦簡化資訊處理的自動且無意識的心智捷徑。
  • ✓ 大腦訴諸認知偏誤主要有四大原因：資訊過載、理解需求、迅速行動、有限認知能力。
  • ✓ 確認偏誤：傾向尋找並偏好支持自身觀點的資訊，同時忽略或低估不符資訊。
  • ✓ 後見之明偏誤：事件發生後，過度高估該事件原先的可預見性或發生機率。
  • ✓ 基本歸因謬誤：解釋他人行為時，過度強調個人特質，而低估外部與情境因素。
  • ✓ 過度自信：過度高估自身能力，尤其與他人能力相比，認為自己優於平均。
  • ✓ 對抗認知偏誤需培養批判性思維、認知技能，並在做決策時與自身情緒保持距離。
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
現象
phenomenon
扭曲
distortions
錯誤的
erroneous
簡化
simplify
直覺的
intuitive
無意識的
unconscious
過剩
overabundance
假設
hypotheses
預設的
preconceived
可預見的
foreseeable

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 10 個重點單字
phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ noun
a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question.
現象
📝 例句
"We are all quite familiar with the phenomenon of optical illusions, but less so with that of cognitive biases, yet these perceptual distortions that are to our mind what optical illusions are to our visual system incite us to make erroneous judgments or bad decisions"
→ 我們對視覺錯覺現象都相當熟悉，但對認知偏誤則較為陌生；然而，這些對心智的扭曲，就如同視覺錯覺對我們視覺系統的影響，會促使我們做出錯誤的判斷或糟糕的決定。
✨ 延伸例句
"The rise of social media is a global phenomenon."
→ 社交媒體的興起是一種全球現象。
distortions /dɪˈstɔːrʃənz/ noun
the action of distorting or the state of being distorted.
扭曲；失真
📝 例句
"We are all quite familiar with the phenomenon of optical illusions, but less so with that of cognitive biases, yet these perceptual distortions that are to our mind what optical illusions are to our visual system incite us to make erroneous judgments or bad decisions"
→ 我們對視覺錯覺現象都相當熟悉，但對認知偏誤則較為陌生；然而，這些對心智的扭曲，就如同視覺錯覺對我們視覺系統的影響，會促使我們做出錯誤的判斷或糟糕的決定。
✨ 延伸例句
"The report presented a distortion of the facts."
→ 該報告扭曲了事實。
erroneous /ɪˈrəʊniəs/ adjective
wrong; incorrect.
錯誤的
📝 例句
"We are all quite familiar with the phenomenon of optical illusions, but less so with that of cognitive biases, yet these perceptual distortions that are to our mind what optical illusions are to our visual system incite us to make erroneous judgments or bad decisions"
→ 我們對視覺錯覺現象都相當熟悉，但對認知偏誤則較為陌生；然而，這些對心智的扭曲，就如同視覺錯覺對我們視覺系統的影響，會促使我們做出錯誤的判斷或糟糕的決定。
✨ 延伸例句
"His calculations were based on erroneous data."
→ 他的計算是基於錯誤的數據。
simplify /ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ/ verb
make (something) simpler or easier to do or understand.
簡化
📝 例句
"These shortcuts of the mind that allow the brain to simplify the processing of information are inevitable."
→ 這些讓大腦簡化資訊處理的心智捷徑是無可避免的。
✨ 延伸例句
"We need to simplify the instructions for the users."
→ 我們需要簡化這些給使用者的指示。
intuitive /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/ adjective
using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning; instinctive.
直覺的
📝 例句
"In fact, it is your brain that has managed to deceive you, as it very often does through cognitive processes that allow it, under certain constraints, to provide quick and intuitive answers that are satisfactory on the surface."
→ 事實上，是你的大腦欺騙了你，它經常這麼做，透過某些認知過程，讓它在特定限制下，提供表面上看起來令人滿意、快速又直覺的答案。
✨ 延伸例句
"She has an intuitive understanding of people."
→ 她對人有種直覺的理解。
unconscious /ʌnˈkɒnʃəs/ adjective
not aware of; not reacting to.
無意識的
📝 例句
"This brain process is automatic and unconscious, and while we can, to some extent, intervene in it after the fact, it is impossible to prevent."
→ 這個大腦運作是自動且無意識的，雖然我們可以在事後某種程度上進行干預，但要預先阻止它是不可能的。
✨ 延伸例句
"He had an unconscious habit of tapping his fingers."
→ 他有個無意識地敲擊手指的習慣。
overabundance /ˌəʊvər əˈbʌndəns/ noun
an excessive quantity of something.
過剩；過多
📝 例句
"An overabundance of information to process, the need to make sense, the need to act quickly, the need to store information for later use, given our limited cognitive abilities."
→ 面對處理不完的龐雜資訊、理解局勢的需求、必須迅速採取行動，以及在有限的認知能力下儲存資訊以供日後使用的需求。
✨ 延伸例句
"The market suffers from an overabundance of products."
→ 市場產品過剩。
hypotheses /haɪˈpɒθəsiːz/ noun
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
假設 (hypothesis 的複數)
📝 例句
"Confirmation bias is a tendency to favor information that supports our hypotheses or preconceived ideas, and to underestimate or ignore information that does not support them."
→ 確認偏誤是一種傾向，讓我們偏好支持自身假設或既有成見的資訊，同時低估或忽略那些不支持它們的資訊。
✨ 延伸例句
"Scientists formulate hypotheses to test their theories."
→ 科學家提出假設來檢驗他們的理論。
preconceived /ˌpriːkənˈsiːvd/ adjective
(of an idea or opinion) formed before having the evidence for its truth or usefulness.
預設的；先入為主的
📝 例句
"Confirmation bias is a tendency to favor information that supports our hypotheses or preconceived ideas, and to underestimate or ignore information that does not support them."
→ 確認偏誤是一種傾向，讓我們偏好支持自身假設或既有成見的資訊，同時低估或忽略那些不支持它們的資訊。
✨ 延伸例句
"It's important to approach new situations without preconceived notions."
→ 以沒有先入為主的觀念來面對新情況是很重要的。
foreseeable /fɔːrˈsiːəbl/ adjective
able to be foreseen or predicted.
可預見的
📝 例句
"It consists of overestimating after an event has taken place the fact that it was foreseeable or probable."
→ 它指的是在事件發生後，過度高估該事件原本可被預見或發生機率很高的事實。
✨ 延伸例句
"The company faces no major challenges in the foreseeable future."
→ 公司在可預見的未來沒有面臨重大挑戰。
🎯 共 10 題測驗

1 What is the main topic discussed in this video? 這段影片主要討論什麼主題？ What is the main topic discussed in this video?

這段影片主要討論什麼主題？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

The video primarily introduces and explains cognitive biases, defining them as mental distortions that lead to poor judgments.

影片主要介紹和解釋了認知偏誤，將其定義為導致錯誤判斷的心智扭曲。

2 According to the video, how do cognitive biases function in the brain? 根據影片內容，認知偏誤在大腦中是如何運作的？ According to the video, how do cognitive biases function in the brain?

根據影片內容，認知偏誤在大腦中是如何運作的？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video states that cognitive biases are 'shortcuts of the mind that allow the brain to simplify the processing of information' and are 'inevitable'.

影片指出，認知偏誤是「讓大腦簡化資訊處理的心智捷徑」，而且是「無可避免的」。

3 What was the purpose of the riddle presented in the video? 影片中提出的謎題目的是什麼？ What was the purpose of the riddle presented in the video?

影片中提出的謎題目的是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

After the riddle, the video explains, 'In fact, it is your brain that has managed to deceive you... through cognitive processes that allow it... to provide quick and intuitive answers that are satisfactory on the surface.'

謎題之後，影片解釋說：「事實上，是你的大腦欺騙了你，它經常這麼做，透過某些認知過程，讓它在特定限制下，提供表面上看起來令人滿意、快速又直覺的答案。」

4 Which of the following is NOT one of the four main reasons why our brain resorts to cognitive biases? 下列哪一項不是影片中提到的大腦訴諸認知偏誤的四大主要原因之一？ Which of the following is NOT one of the four main reasons why our brain resorts to cognitive biases?

下列哪一項不是影片中提到的大腦訴諸認知偏誤的四大主要原因之一？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The four reasons listed are: 'An overabundance of information to process, the need to make sense, the need to act quickly, the need to store information for later use, given our limited cognitive abilities.'

影片中列出的四個原因是：「面對處理不完的龐雜資訊、理解局勢的需求、必須迅速採取行動，以及在有限的認知能力下儲存資訊以供日後使用的需求。」

5 What is Confirmation Bias, as described in the video? 根據影片描述，確認偏誤是什麼？ What is Confirmation Bias, as described in the video?

根據影片描述，確認偏誤是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Confirmation bias is defined as 'a tendency to favor information that supports our hypotheses or preconceived ideas, and to underestimate or ignore information that does not support them.'

確認偏誤被定義為「一種傾向，讓我們偏好支持自身假設或既有成見的資訊，同時低估或忽略那些不支持它們的資訊」。

6 Which example illustrates Confirmation Bias according to the video? 根據影片，哪個例子說明了確認偏誤？ Which example illustrates Confirmation Bias according to the video?

根據影片，哪個例子說明了確認偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video gives an example: 'For example, choosing only one new source as your information outlet, or making an impression about an article just from its title, without reading it entirely.'

影片舉例說：「例如，只選擇單一新聞來源作為你的資訊管道，或僅憑文章標題就對內容下定論，而沒有完整閱讀。」

7 What classic phrase summarizes Hindsight Bias? 哪句經典短語總結了後見之明偏誤？ What classic phrase summarizes Hindsight Bias?

哪句經典短語總結了後見之明偏誤？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Hindsight bias 'can be summarized by the classic, “I knew it from the start.”'

後見之明偏誤可以用那句經典的「我早就知道會這樣」來概括。

8 The Fundamental Attribution Error involves what primary action? 基本歸因謬誤主要涉及哪種行為？ The Fundamental Attribution Error involves what primary action?

基本歸因謬誤主要涉及哪種行為？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The fundamental attribution error 'consists of overestimating the personal characteristics of individuals... To explain their behavior and underestimating the external and situational factors that might come into play.'

基本歸因謬誤「指的是過度高估個人特質...用以解釋自身行為，並低估了可能發揮作用的外部與情境因素」。

9 What is Overconfidence, as described in the video? 根據影片描述，過度自信是什麼？ What is Overconfidence, as described in the video?

根據影片描述，過度自信是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

Overconfidence 'consists of overestimating one's abilities, especially in relation to those of others.'

過度自信「是指過度高估自身能力，特別是與他人能力相比之下的一種狀態」。

10 What is one key strategy to fight against the traps our brain sets, as concluded by the video? 影片總結指出，對抗大腦設下的陷阱的關鍵策略之一是什麼？ What is one key strategy to fight against the traps our brain sets, as concluded by the video?

影片總結指出，對抗大腦設下的陷阱的關鍵策略之一是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video concludes: 'developing one's critical thinking and many cognitive skills, as well as taking a step back from one's emotions when making a decision, is necessary to better fight against the traps our brain sets for us.'

影片總結：「培養批判性思維與多項認知技能，並在做決策時與自身情緒保持距離，是我們對抗大腦設下陷阱的必要之道。」

測驗完成！得分： / 10

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