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our minds take shortcuts to help us to understand the world and make quick decisions because it takes so much
我們的大腦會走捷徑來幫助我們理解世界並做出快速決策，因為要用不同方式看待事物需要花費大量
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effort to see things differently we're biased to keep the same view about things even when faced with new
心力。我們天生就有維持相同觀點的偏見，即使面對挑戰我們信念的新
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information that challenges our beliefs unfortunately these cognitive biases often cause us to get things wrong in
資訊也是如此。不幸的是，這些認知偏見常導致我們在判斷上出錯。在
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this video we'll look at nine common mind traps and how you can avoid them one confirmation bias
這支影片中，我們將探討九種常見的思維陷阱以及如何避免它們。一、確認偏誤
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Frank loves coffee and thinks that drinking coffee every day will help him to live longer he ignores
弗蘭克喜歡咖啡，並認為每天喝咖啡能幫助他長壽。他忽略了
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counter-arguments that drinking too much coffee may have health risks and continues to argue the benefits of
喝太多咖啡可能有健康風險的反對意見，並持續向朋友宣揚喝咖啡的
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coffee drinking to his friends this is an example of confirmation bias or the tendency to seek out and interpret
好處。這是確認偏誤的一個例子，也就是傾向以支持我們既有觀點的
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information in a way that supports our pre-existing views Frank looks for every piece of
方式去尋找並解讀資訊。弗蘭克尋找每一則
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information that supports his belief that coffee is good for him whilst dismissing any information that
支持他「咖啡對他有益」信念的資訊，同時駁斥任何
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contradicts his use although coffee is not a particularly contentious subject topics and beliefs with a lot of emotion
與此矛盾的資訊。儘管咖啡並非特別具爭議性的主題，但帶有強烈情感的
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are more likely to lead to bias confirmation bias can limit our exposure to new information and perspectives
主題和信念更容易導致偏誤。確認偏誤會限制我們接觸新資訊和新觀點的機會，
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affecting decision making and creativity and giving us a closed-minded view of the world to overcome this bias we need
影響決策與創造力，並讓我們對世界抱持封閉的心態。要克服這種偏誤，我們需要
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to seek out diverse views that challenge our beliefs whilst being critical of their assumptions and potential biases
尋找挑戰我們信念的多元觀點，同時對其假設和潛在偏誤保持批判態度。
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2. anchoring bias when Steve Jobs unveiled the first iPad he told the audience that pundits
二、錨定偏誤。當賈伯斯發表第一代 iPad 時，他告訴觀眾，專家們
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predicted a price of 999 this price appeared for some time while he spoke when it came time to reveal the actual
預測價格是 999 美元。這個價格在他演講時顯示了一段時間。當實際價格
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price of 499 everyone watching felt that the iPad was an incredible bargain of course back in 2010 no one had any idea
揭曉為 499 美元時，所有觀眾都覺得 iPad 是個令人難以置信的便宜貨。當然，回到 2010 年，沒有人知道
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what an iPad was worth as it was a brand new product yet everyone felt as though they just saved 500 this is an example
iPad 的價值是多少，因為它是個全新的產品，但所有人都覺得自己好像省了 500 美元。這是
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of anchoring bias which causes us to rely too heavily on the first piece of information we're given when making
錨定偏誤的一個例子，這種偏誤會讓我們在做決策時過度依賴獲得的第一筆資訊。如果賈伯斯
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decisions Steve Jobs shown an anchor price of 199 everyone would have felt like they were
開出的錨定價格是 1999 美元，所有人都會覺得自己
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being ripped off anchoring by a skews our judgment and prevents us from considering other
被敲竹槓了。錨定偏誤會扭曲我們的判斷，並阻止我們考慮其他
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options to overcome this bias we need to remind ourselves of how initial information
克服這種偏見的方法，我們需要提醒自己初始資訊如何
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influences our decisions and actively seek out additional information and Alternatives before arriving at a
影響我們的決策，並在做出決定之前積極尋找額外資訊和替代方案。
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decision [Music] three attribution bias
決定。[音樂] 三、歸因偏誤
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Frank is late for an important meeting he's late because he needs to call an ambulance for someone who was hurt in a
法蘭克一場重要會議遲到了。他遲到是因為他需要為一位在車禍中受傷的人叫救護車。
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car accident as he stops to catch his breath his colleague Don thinks to himself he's so lazy and unprofessional
當他停下來喘口氣時，他的同事唐心想：「他真是又懶又不專業。」
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this is an example of attribution bias or the tendency to explain another's Behavior by referring to their character
這就是歸因偏誤的一個例子，也就是傾向於透過他人的性格
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or personality while attributing our own behavior to situations beyond our control like the time Don was late and
或個性來解釋他們的行為，而將自己的行為歸因於無法控制的情況，就像唐有一次遲到時
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blamed it on bad traffic to avoid this bias we need to wait until we know the full picture it's also
歸咎於交通堵塞。為了避免這種偏誤，我們需要等到了解全貌。這也有助於
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helpful to put ourselves in another's shoes to understand their actions first [Music]
設身處地為他人著想，先了解他們的行為。[音樂]
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4. halo effect our overall impression of a person brand or product can shine like a Halo so that
四、月暈效應。我們對一個人、品牌或產品的整體印象會像光環一樣閃耀，以至於
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perceptions of one aspect carry over to other aspects one example of the halo effect is our tendency to view
對某一方面的好感會延伸到其他方面。月暈效應的一個例子是，我們傾向於認為
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Attractive people as kind intelligent likable and even better leaders even though these traits are unrelated to
有魅力的人善良、聰明、討人喜歡，甚至是更好的領導者，即使這些特質與
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physical attractiveness but it doesn't stop there for example people who are sociable or kind may also be seen as
外貌吸引力無關。但這還不止於此。例如，善於社交或善良的人也可能被視為
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more likable and intelligent when perceptions of one quality bias judgments of other qualities it can
更討人喜歡和聰明。當對一種品質的看法偏頗了對其他品質的判斷時，它會
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impact decision making and lead to prejudices in judgments about people and situations
影響決策，並導致對人與情況的判斷產生偏見。
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to overcome the halo effect we need to stay open-minded objective and gather more information before making decisions
為了克服月暈效應，我們需要保持開放的心態、客觀，並在做出決定前收集更多資訊。
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[Music] 5.
[音樂] 五、可得性偏誤。我們常常不是分析所有可用的資訊，而是經常做出決定
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availability bias instead of analyzing all the information that's available we often make decisions
或根據近期、頻繁或極端的資訊來形成意見。例如，在閱讀了一篇關於鯊魚襲擊的新聞報導後，
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or form opinions based on information that's recent frequent or extreme for example after reading a news article
法蘭克現在對海洋中的危險有誇大的認知，儘管鯊魚襲擊的可能性
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about shark attack Frank now has an exaggerated perception of danger in the sea despite the likelihood of a shark
鯊魚攻擊的可能性
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attack being incredibly small on the other hand he's grossly underestimated the risk of sunburn and
攻擊風險極低，但他卻嚴重低估了在海灘曬傷的風險以及
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the importance of wearing sunscreen at the beach availability buyers can skew our
塗防曬乳的重要性。可得性偏差會扭曲我們對現實的認知，並導致不準確的決策。要克服這種偏誤，我們需要尋找
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perception of reality and lead to inaccurate decision making to overcome this bias we need to seek
多重資訊來源，並避免僅根據第一個浮現在腦中的想法做決定。
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out multiple sources of information and avoid making decisions based solely on what comes to mind first
6. 達克效應（Dunning-Kruger effect）據傳蘇格拉底曾說過：「真正的智慧在於知道自己一無所知。」但由於一種稱為達克效應的
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6. dunning-kruger effect Socrates is thought to have said the only true wisdom is in knowing you know
認知偏誤，要了解自己有多無知其實非常困難。我們可以透過繪製「對自身能力的信心」與「實際知識水平」的關係圖，
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nothing but due to a cognitive bias called the dunning-kruger effect knowing how little we know is actually very
以圖形化的方式來說明這一點。當我們開始學習新事物時，往往會對自己的能力過度自信。這是因為我們還不知道
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difficult to do we can illustrate this graphically by plotting confidence in our ability against our actual knowledge
有多少東西要學，感覺自己什麼都懂了。這種情況有時（或許有點刻薄地）被稱為「爬愚蠢之山」。
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when we start learning something new we're often overly confident in our ability that's because we don't yet know
我們學得越多，就越意識到事情的複雜性，信心也隨之
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how much there is to learn and we feel like we know everything this is sometimes perhaps a little harshly known
下降，跌入「絕望低谷」。這是許多人放棄的關鍵點。但如果我們堅持下去，就能變得更有知識，並重拾幾乎像
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as climbing Mount stupid the more we learn the more we realize just how complex things really are and
學習旅程開始時那樣的自信。有時，房間裡最大聲、最自信的人懂得最少；處於中間的人低估了自己的知識，
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the less confident we become plunging down into the valley of despair this is the point where many people give
而知識最淵博的人則較不確定，也更猶豫是否要發表意見，因為他們比大多數人更了解事情的真正複雜性。
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up but if we keep going we can become more knowledgeable and almost as confident in our ability as we were at
避免高估自身能力的最佳方法之一，就是單純地獲取更多關於某事的知識。達克效應的對立面是「冒牌者症候群」，
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the beginning of our Learning Journey sometimes the loudest most confident person in the room knows the least those
你可以點擊上方的連結了解更多。7. 鴕鳥效應（Ostrich effect）：避免接收令人不快但可能有用的資訊的傾向，被稱為
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in the middle underestimate their knowledge and the most knowledgeable are less certain and more hesitant to give
鴕鳥效應，源自於鴕鳥為了躲避危險會把頭埋進沙裡的普遍迷思。不幸的是，逃避資訊往往會讓事情變得更糟，
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their opinion because they more than most understand the true complexity of things
還不如直接面對。想像一下，即使是...
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one of the best ways to avoid overestimating our ability is simply to gain more knowledge about something the
避免高估自身能力的最佳方法之一，就是對該事物獲取更多知識
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opposite of the dunning-kruger effect is imposter syndrome which you can learn more about by clicking the link above
與鄧寧-克魯格效應相反的是冒牌者症候群，你可以點擊上方連結了解更多
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7. ostrich effect a tendency to avoid unpleasant but potentially useful information is known
7. 鴕鳥效應：一種避免接收令人不快但可能有用資訊的傾向，被稱為
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as the ostrich effect after the prevalent myth that ostriches bury their head in the sand to avoid Danger
鴕鳥效應，源自於鴕鳥為了躲避危險會將頭埋進沙中的普遍迷思
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unfortunately information avoidance often makes things worse than if we just tackled things head on imagine even
不幸的是，迴避資訊往往會讓事情變得更糟，不如我們直接正面處理。想像一下，即使
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using your credit card a lot recently you know you should check your account balance but avoid doing so because of
你最近經常使用信用卡，你知道應該檢查帳戶餘額，但因為焦慮感而避免這麼做
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feelings of anxiety because you don't check it you may fail to curb your spending habits and end up in more debt
因為你不檢查，你可能無法控制消費習慣，最終陷入更多債務
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the ostrich effect is not the same as laziness because we go out of our way to avoid negative information although it
鴕鳥效應與懶惰不同，因為我們是刻意去避免接收負面資訊，雖然
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can be tempting to bury our head in the sand it's best to stay focused on the bigger picture and use negative but
把頭埋進沙裡很誘人，但最好還是專注於大局，並利用負面但有幫助的資訊來達成像財務自由這樣的長期目標
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helpful information to our advantage to achieve long-term goals like Financial Freedom
8. 負面偏誤（Negativity bias）：與鴕鳥效應我們刻意避免負面資訊不同，
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8. negativity bias unlike the ostrich effect in which we guard of our way to avoid negative
負面偏誤是指我們傾向於注意到並執著於負面的事件、資訊或情緒，遠超過
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information negativity bias is the tendency to notice and dwell on negative events information or emotions more than
它們的正面對應物。這被認為是演化來讓我們對威脅保持警覺，這也是為什麼我們常被
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their positive counterparts is thought to evolve to keep us Vigilant to threat it's the reason why we're often drawn to
新聞中更令人沮喪的文章吸引，這是媒體早就知道的事
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more depressing articles in the news something the media has known for a long time
為了避免這種偏誤，重要的是要學會辨識腦中那些無益的想法，並
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to avoid this bias it's important to learn to recognize unhelpful thoughts that are running through your mind and
用更有幫助的想法取代它們。9.
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to replace these with more helpful ones 9.
聚光燈效應（Spotlight effect）：過度高估人們注意到我們的程度，就稱為聚光燈
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Spotlight effect the tendency to overestimate how much people notice us is called the spotlight
效應。例如，我們可能認為別人在派對上都在觀察並評判我們的外表，並因為
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effect for example we might think others are observing and judging our appearance at a party and feel embarrassed because
自己把飲料灑在身上而感到尷尬，但實際上，別人幾乎沒在注意我們，他們可能更
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we spoil a drink on ourselves when in reality others are paying little if any attention to us and are likely more
關心自己的外表和行為。這種偏誤會讓我們過度自我意識，並導致社交
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concerned with their own appearance and behavior this bias can make us feel overly self-conscious and lead to social
焦慮。我們越意識到別人並沒有注意我們做的每一件小事，我們在社交場合中就越不容易感到緊張或
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anxiety the more we realize that other people aren't paying attention to every little thing we do the less nervous or
尷尬。我們可能是自己人生的主角，但對許多其他人來說，我們只是背景中的路人甲。這些認知偏誤
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embarrassed we're likely to feel in social situations we may be the central character in our
你熟悉嗎？那麼你最常經歷哪些？
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own lives it's many others we're just an extra in the background were any of these cognitive biases
請在下方留言告訴我
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familiar to you so which ones do you experience most often
79.
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please let me know in the comments below
80.
