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Every Cognitive Bias Explained in 10 Minutes
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every cognitive bias explained anchoring bias anchoring bias refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the
每個認知偏誤解析 錨定偏誤 錨定偏誤指的是過度依賴所接收的第一條資訊
00:07
first piece of information received the anchor when making decisions or judgments this bias can lead individuals
即「錨點」來做決策或判斷的傾向 這種偏誤可能導致個人
00:13
to make choices that are unduly influenced by the initial anchor even when subsequent information contradicts
做出受到初始錨點過度影響的選擇 即使後續資訊已
00:19
or outweighs the relevance of the anchor the availability heris the availability heris is a mental shortcut that involves
與之矛盾或重要性超過該錨點 可得性捷思 可得性捷思是一種心理捷徑
00:27
basing judgments or decisions on information that comes to mind most easily typically due to its vividness
涉及基於最容易浮現腦海的資訊來進行判斷或決策 通常是因為其
00:33
recency or frequency people tend to overestimate the likelihood of events or situations that are more easily recalled
生動性、近期性或頻率 人們傾向於高估較容易回憶或
00:40
or imagined potentially leading to inaccurate assessments and decisions bandwagon effect the bandwagon effect is
想像的事件或情況的可能性 可能導致不準確的評估與決策 從眾效應 從眾效應是
00:47
a psychological phenomenon where people tend to adopt certain beliefs attitudes or behaviors because others around them
一種心理現象 指人們傾向於因為周遭的他人
00:53
are doing the same it stems from the desire to conform and follow the crowd as well as the perception that the
也在做同樣的事 而採取某些信念、態度或行為 源於從眾的慾望
00:59
popular choice must be the correct or beneficial one base rate fallacy the base rate fallacy occurs when people
以及認為受歡迎的選擇必定是正確或有益的感知 基本比率謬誤 基本比率謬誤發生於人們
01:05
fail to consider the base rate or general probability of an event when making judgments or predictions instead
在進行判斷或預測時 未能考量事件的基本比率或一般機率 反而
01:11
they focus on specific situational information even when it contradicts or is less relevant than the base rate data
著重於特定的情境資訊 即使這些資訊與基本比率資料矛盾 或相關性較低
01:18
bias blind spots the bias blind spot is the tendency for individuals to recognize cognitive biases in others
偏誤盲點 偏誤盲點指的是個人能辨識
01:24
while being unaware of or underestimating their own biases people often believe they are more objective
他人身上的認知偏誤 卻未意識到或低估自身偏誤的傾向 人們常認為自己比實際上
01:30
and less susceptible to biases than they actually are making it challenging to identify and correct their own bias
更客觀且較不易受偏誤影響 使得識別並修正自身
01:37
thinking Choice supportive bias Choice supportive bias is the tendency to retroactively ascribe positive
偏誤思維變得困難 選擇支持偏誤 選擇支持偏誤指的是在做出選擇後
01:43
attributes to an option or decision after it has been made while overlooking or downplaying the flaws in the chosen
回溯性地賦予該選項或決策正面屬性 同時忽略或淡化所選方案
01:49
alternative this bias helps people feel more confident and satisfied with their choices even when the decision may have
的缺陷 這種偏誤能讓人對自己的選擇感到更有信心與滿意 即使該決策
01:56
been suboptimal confirmation bias confirmation bias is the inclination to seek out interpret and prioritize
可能非最優 解讀偏誤 解讀偏誤是尋找、詮釋並優先處理
02:03
information that aligns with and reinforces existing beliefs or hypotheses while dismissing or
符合並強化既有信念或假設的資訊 同時忽略或...
02:09
downplaying contradictory evidence this bias can lead to a distorted and one-sided view of reality conservatism
淡化矛盾證據 這種偏誤可能導致對現實產生扭曲且片面的看法 保守主義偏誤
02:16
bias conservatism bias also known as the status quo bias is the tendency to prefer and maintain the current state of
保守主義偏誤 也稱為現狀偏誤 是一種傾向於偏好並維持現狀的特性
02:23
affairs even in the face of potentially beneficial changes or Alternatives this bias stems from a preference for
即使面對潛在有益的改變或替代方案也是如此 這種偏誤源於對熟悉事物的偏好
02:29
familiarity and a resistance to change contrast effect the contrast effect is a cognitive bias that occurs when the
以及對變化的抗拒 對比效應 對比效應是一種認知偏誤 當
02:36
perception of something is influenced by its comparison to a contrasting object or situation for example a person may
對某事物的感知受到與其對比物或情境的比較影響時就會發生 例如 一個人
02:43
seem more attractive when compared to an unattractive person or a salary may seem higher when compared to a lower paying
若與外貌不佳的人相比可能會顯得更有吸引力 或是薪水若與低薪工作
02:49
job declinism declinism is the tendency to view the past in an overly positive light and perceive the present or future
相比可能會顯得更高 衰敗主義 衰敗主義是一種傾向 過度美化過去 並認為現在或未來
02:56
as being in a state of decline or deterioration this cognitive bias can lead to Nostalgia pessimism about
處於衰退或惡化狀態 這種認知偏誤可能導致懷舊、對
03:02
current circumstances and a romanticized view of historical eras Dunning Krueger effect the Dunning Krueger effect is a
當前狀況的悲觀 以及對歷史時代的浪漫化看法 鄧寧-克魯格效應 鄧寧-克魯格效應是
03:10
cognitive bias in which individuals with low ability or knowledge tend to overestimate their own competence while
一種認知偏誤 能力或知識不足的個人傾向於高估自己的能力 而
03:16
those with higher ability or knowledge tend to underestimate their own competence this bias can lead to a
能力或知識較高的人則傾向於低估自己的能力 這種偏誤可能導致
03:22
paradoxical situation where the least skilled individuals are the most confident in their abilities endowment
一種矛盾的情況 即技能最差的人對自己的能力最有信心 賦效應
03:28
effect the end common effect is the tendency to ascribe greater value to items or possessions simply because they
賦效應是指僅僅因為物品或財產屬於個人 就賦予其更高價值的傾向 人們傾向於要求更高的價格來出售
03:34
belong to the individual people tend to demand a higher price to sell an item they own then they would be willing to
他們擁有的物品 而他們願意支付來購買相同物品的價格 若他們不擁有該物品的話 則會較低 框架效應 框架效應是一種認知偏誤
03:40
pay to acquire the same item if they did not own it framing effect the framing effect is a cognitive bias that
描述人們的決策或感知如何受到資訊呈現方式或框架的影響 同樣的資訊
03:47
describes how people's decisions or perceptions can be influenced by the way information is presented or framed the
若以不同方式呈現 例如強調收益或損失 可能會導致不同的選擇或
03:54
same information when framed differently for example emphasizing gains or losses can lead to different choices or
解釋 賭徒謬誤 賭徒謬誤是一種錯誤的信念 認為如果某個特定事件或結果
04:01
interpretations gambler's fallacy the gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that if a particular event or outcome
在過去發生的頻率高於預期 那麼它在未來發生的可能性就較低 反之亦然
04:08
has occurred more frequently than expected in the past it is less likely to occur in the future or vice versa
這種謬誤源於對機率的誤解 以及認為未來事件會受到影響的信念
04:14
this fallacy stems from a misunderstanding of probability and the belief that future events are influenced
這種謬誤源於對機率的誤解 以及認為未來事件會受到影響的信念
04:19
by past events in a random process halo effect the halo effect is a cognitive bias where an initial positive
在隨機過程中的過往事件光環效應 光環效應是一種認知偏誤 指最初的正面
04:27
impression or single trait colors the perception of of an entire person object or situation for example someone who is
印象或單一特質會影響對整個人 事物或情境的看法 例如 外表有吸引力的人
04:34
physically attractive may be perceived as more intelligent or trustworthy even without evidence to support those
可能會被認為更聰明或更值得信賴 即使沒有證據支持這些
04:40
assumptions hindsight bias hindsight bias also known as the new it all along effect is the tendency to perceive past
假設 後見之明偏誤 後見之明偏誤 也被稱為「我早就知道效應」 是一種傾向
04:47
events as more predictable than they were before they occurred after an event has happened people often convince
將過去的事件視為比發生前更容易預測 在事件發生後 人們常會說服
04:52
themselves that they had foreseen or anticipated the outcome even if they did not illusion of control the illusion of
自己他們早已預見或預期到結果 即使他們當時並沒有 控制錯覺 控制錯覺
04:59
control is a cognitive bias that leads people to believe they have more control over events or outcomes than they
是一種認知偏誤 會讓人們相信他們對事件或結果的控制權比
05:06
actually do this bias can manifest in situations where there is a perception of skill or influence even when the
實際上更多 這種偏誤可能出現在人們感知到有技巧或影響力的情況下 即使
05:12
outcome is largely determined by chance or external factors illusory truth effect the illusory truth effect is the
結果很大程度上是由機會或外部因素決定的 虛假真實效應 虛假真實效應是
05:20
tendency to believe that a statement or claim is true simply because it has been repeated frequently or is familiar
傾向於相信一個陳述或主張是真實的 只是因為它被頻繁重複或很熟悉
05:27
repeated exposure to information regardless of of its accuracy can make it seem more plausible or believable
反覆接觸資訊 無論其準確度如何 都會隨著時間推移使其看起來更合理或更可信
05:33
over times fundamental attribution error the fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personal
基本歸因錯誤 基本歸因錯誤是過度強調個人
05:40
characteristics or dispositions as the cause of someone's Behavior while underestimating the influence of
特質或性格作為某人行為原因的傾向 同時低估了情境
05:46
situational or external factors this bias can lead to unfair judgments or assumptions about others motivations or
或外部因素的影響 這種偏誤可能導致對他人動機或
05:52
actions self-serving bias the self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes or successes
行動做出不公平的判斷或假設 自利偏誤 自利偏誤是將正面結果或成功
05:59
to person personal qualities or efforts while attributing negative outcomes or failures to external factors or
歸因於個人特質或努力 而將負面結果或失敗歸因於外部因素或
06:05
circumstances Beyond one's control this bias serves to protect and enhance self-esteem and self-perception mere
個人無法控制的情況的傾向 這種偏誤有助於保護和提升自尊及自我認知 單純
06:12
exposure effects the mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon where people tend to develop a
接觸效應 單純接觸效應是一種心理現象 指人們傾向於對某事物產生
06:17
preference or positive attitude towards something simply because they have been repeatedly exposed to it this effect can
偏好或正面態度 只是因為他們曾反覆接觸過它 這種效應可以
06:23
influence preferences for various stimuli including shapes words symbols and even people negativity bias the
影響對各種刺激的偏好 包括形狀 詞語 符號 甚至人 負面性偏誤
06:31
negativity bias is the tendency to give more attention and weight to negative information events or experiences than
負面偏誤（negativity bias）是指人們傾向於對負面資訊、事件或經驗投入更多關注與比重，
06:38
to positive ones this bias can influence decision-making memory and perceptions leading people to focus
相較於正面的資訊。這種偏誤會影響決策、記憶與感知，導致人們不成比例地關注負面因素或潛在威脅。
06:44
disproportionately on negative aspects or potential threats normaly bias normaly bias is the tendency to
樂觀偏誤（normaly bias）是指傾向於低估破壞性或災難性事件發生的可能性或潛在影響，
06:52
underestimate the likelihood or potential impact of disruptive or catastrophic events and to assume that
並假設生活將繼續如常。這種偏誤可能導致人們在面對潛在風險或災難時，
06:58
life will continue as normal this bias can lead people to ignore or downplay warning signs and fail to take
忽視或淡化警示訊號，未能採取適當的預防措施或行動。
07:04
appropriate precautions or actions in the face of potential risks or disasters observational selection bias
觀察選擇偏誤（observational selection bias），
07:12
observational selection bias occurs when the sample of observations or data being studied is not representative of the
是指所研究的觀察樣本或數據未能代表整個目標群體或現象。
07:18
entire population or phenomenon of Interest this bias can lead to inaccurate conclusions or
這種偏誤可能導致不準確的結論或概括，
07:24
generalizations because the observed data is skewed or incomplete Omission bias Omission bias is the tendency to
因為觀察到的數據存在偏差或不完整。
07:31
judge harmful actions as worse or more unacceptable than equally harmful inactions or omissions this bias can
省略偏誤（omission bias）是指傾向於將有害的「行動」評價為比同樣有害的「不行動」或「省略」更糟糕或更不可接受。
07:38
lead people to prefer inaction over action even when taking action could prevent harm or produce benefits
這種偏誤可能導致人們偏好不行動而非行動，即使採取行動能防止傷害或帶來益處。
07:44
optimism bias the optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events happening and
樂觀偏誤（optimism bias）是指傾向於高估正面事件發生的可能性，
07:51
underestimate the likelihood of negative events occurring this bias can lead to unrealistic expectations poor planning
並低估負面事件發生的可能性。這種偏誤可能導致不切實際的期望、糟糕的規劃，
07:58
and a failure to add adequately prepare for potential risks or setbacks ostrich effect the ostrich effect is the
以及未能為潛在風險或挫折做好充分準備。
08:05
tendency to avoid or ignore potentially negative or unpleasant information or situations even when ignoring them could
鴕鳥效應（ostrich effect）是指傾向於避免或忽視潛在的負面或令人不快的資訊或情況，
08:12
have detrimental consequences this bias stems from a desire to avoid discomfort or anxiety but can lead to poor
即使忽視它們可能帶來有害後果。這種偏誤源於避免不適或焦慮的渴望，
08:19
decision-making and missed opportunities outcome bias outcome bias is the tendency to judge a decision or
但可能導致糟糕的決策與錯失良機。
08:29
action based on the outcome rather than the quality of the decision-making process itself positive outcomes are
結果偏誤（outcome bias）是指傾向於根據結果來評判決策或行動，
08:35
often viewed as resulting from good decisions while negative outcomes are seen as the result of poor decisions
而非根據決策過程本身的品質。正面結果常被視為好決策的產物，
08:40
regardless of the actual merits or reasoning behind the choices overconfidence bias the overconfidence
而負面結果則被視為壞決策的結果，無論選擇背後的實際優點或理由為何。
08:47
bias is the tendency to overestimate one's own abilities knowledge or chances of success leading to excessive
過度自信偏誤是指高估自身能力、知識或成功機率的傾向，導致過度自信以及可能不佳的決策或風險評估。
08:53
confidence and potentially poor decision-making or risk assessment this bias can stem from a variety of factors
這種偏誤可能源自多種因素，包括缺乏自我認知或維持正面自我形象的渴望。
09:00
including a lack of self-awareness or a desire to maintain a positive self-image planning fallacy the planning fallacy is
規劃謬誤（Planning Fallacy）是指低估完成一項任務或專案所需的時間、精力或資源的傾向。
09:07
the tendency to underestimate the time effort or resources required to complete a task or project often leading to
這往往導致不切實際的計畫與時程表。此種偏誤源於樂觀的展望，以及未能考量潛在的障礙或挫折。
09:14
unrealistic plans and schedules this bias stems from an optimistic Outlook and a failure to account for potential
心理抗拒（Psychological Reactance）是指當個人感知到選擇自由或自主權受到威脅或限制時，產生對抗反應的傾向。
09:20
obstacles or setbacks Psychological reactants psychological reactance is the tendency to react in opposition to
當人們感到自由受限時，可能會產生一股動力去重申其自主權。
09:27
perceived threats or restrictions to the one's freedom of choice or autonomy when people feel their freedom is being
有時這會導致行為與自身信念或最佳利益相悖。
09:33
limited they may experience a motivational Force to reassert their autonomy sometimes leading to behavior
受到限制時，他們可能會體驗到一股重新主張自主權的動力，有時會導致行為
09:39
that is contrary to their own beliefs or best interests
與自身信念或最佳利益相悖

Every Cognitive Bias Explained in 10 Minutes

📝 影片摘要

本單元「認知偏誤大解析」深入剖析多種影響人類決策與判斷的心理捷徑與偏誤。課程從資訊處理的初始階段（如錨定偏誤、可得性捷思）談起，擴及社會影響（如從眾效應）、個人信念（如選擇支持偏誤、解讀偏誤、保守主義偏誤）與感知扭曲（如對比效應、衰敗主義）。此外，也涵蓋了自我認知相關的偏誤，例如鄧寧-克魯格效應、賦效應、框架效應、賭徒謬誤、光環效應、後見之明、控制錯覺、虛假真實效應、基本歸因錯誤、自利偏誤、單純接觸效應、負面性偏誤、常態性偏誤、觀察選擇偏誤、省略偏誤、樂觀偏誤、鴕鳥效應、結果偏誤、過度自信偏誤、規劃謬誤及心理抗拒。影片強調這些偏誤普遍存在，常在無意識中扭曲我們對現實的認知，導致不準確的評估與決策。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 錨定偏誤：過度依賴接收到的第一條資訊（錨點）做判斷。
  • ✓ 可得性捷思：基於最容易浮現腦海的資訊做判斷，常因生動性或近期性而高估機率。
  • ✓ 從眾效應：因周遭他人也在做同樣的事，而跟隨採取相同的信念或行為。
  • ✓ 基本比率謬誤：忽略事件的基本機率，過度看重特定情境資訊。
  • ✓ 偏誤盲點：能辨識他人偏誤，卻未意識到自己也有偏誤。
  • ✓ 選擇支持偏誤：做出選擇後，回溯賦予該選項正面屬性並忽略缺陷。
  • ✓ 解讀偏誤：尋找並優先處理符合既有信念的資訊，忽略矛盾證據。
  • ✓ 保守主義偏誤（現狀偏誤）：傾向維持現狀，抗拒潛在有益的改變。
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
錨定
anchoring
可得性
availability
從眾
bandwagon
基本比率
base rate
盲點
blind spot
確認
confirmation
保守主義
conservatism
對比
contrast
衰敗主義
declinism
鄧寧
Dunning Krueger
賦予
endowment
框架
framing
賭徒
gambler
光環
halo
後見之明
hindsight
錯覺
illusion
虛假
illusory
基本
fundamental
自利
self-serving
單純接觸
mere exposure
負面性
negativity
常態性
normaly
觀察
observational
省略
omission
樂觀
optimism
鴕鳥
ostrich
結果
outcome
過度自信
overconfidence
規劃
planning
心理
psychological

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 30 個重點單字
anchoring /ˈæŋkərɪŋ/ noun
the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information received
錨定
📝 例句
"anchoring bias anchoring bias refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the"
→ 錨定偏誤指的是過度依賴所接收的第一條資訊
✨ 延伸例句
"Initial prices can serve as anchors for future negotiations."
→ 初始價格可以作為未來談判的錨點。
availability /əˌveɪləˈbɪləti/ noun
a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind
可得性
📝 例句
"the availability heris the availability heris is a mental shortcut that involves"
→ 可得性捷思 可得性捷思是一種心理捷徑
✨ 延伸例句
"People judge the frequency of events based on availability."
→ 人們根據可得性來判斷事件的頻率。
bandwagon /ˈbændwæɡən/ noun
the tendency to do or believe things because many other people do or believe the same
從眾
📝 例句
"bandwagon effect the bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon where people tend to adopt"
→ 從眾效應 從眾效應是一種心理現象 指人們傾向於因為周遭的他人
✨ 延伸例句
"Investors often jump on the bandwagon during a market bubble."
→ 投資者常在市場泡沫期間跟風。
base rate /beɪs reɪt/ noun
the underlying probability of an event
基本比率
📝 例句
"base rate fallacy the base rate fallacy occurs when people fail to consider the base rate"
→ 基本比率謬誤 基本比率謬誤發生於人們 未能考量事件的基本比率
✨ 延伸例句
"Ignoring the base rate leads to inaccurate predictions."
→ 忽略基本比率會導致不準確的預測。
blind spot /blaɪnd spɒt/ noun
inability to notice one's own biases
盲點
📝 例句
"bias blind spots the bias blind spot is the tendency for individuals to recognize cognitive biases"
→ 偏誤盲點 偏誤盲點指的是個人能辨識他人身上的認知偏誤
✨ 延伸例句
"We all have cognitive blind spots."
→ 我們都有認知盲點。
confirmation /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/ noun
the tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
確認
📝 例句
"confirmation bias confirmation bias is the inclination to seek out interpret and prioritize information"
→ 解讀偏誤 解讀偏誤是尋找、詮釋並優先處理符合並強化既有信念或假設的資訊
✨ 延伸例句
"Confirmation bias can strengthen false beliefs."
→ 確認偏誤可能會強化錯誤的信念。
conservatism /kənˈsɜːvətɪzəm/ noun
the tendency to prefer the current state of affairs
保守主義
📝 例句
"conservatism bias conservatism bias also known as the status quo bias is the tendency to prefer"
→ 保守主義偏誤 保守主義偏誤 也稱為現狀偏誤 是一種傾向於偏好並維持現狀的特性
✨ 延伸例句
"Conservatism bias makes people resistant to change."
→ 保守主義偏誤讓人們抗拒改變。
contrast /ˈkɒntræst/ noun
perception influenced by comparison
對比
📝 例句
"contrast effect the contrast effect is a cognitive bias that occurs when the perception of something"
→ 對比效應 對比效應是一種認知偏誤 當對某事物的感知受到與其對比物或情境的比較影響時就會發生
✨ 延伸例句
"Prices can seem lower in contrast to higher prices."
→ 與較高的價格相比，價格會顯得較低。
declinism /dɪˈklaɪnɪzəm/ noun
viewing the past as better than the present
衰敗主義
📝 例句
"declinism declinism is the tendency to view the past in an overly positive light"
→ 衰敗主義 衰敗主義是一種傾向 過度美化過去 並認為現在或未來處於衰退或惡化狀態
✨ 延伸例句
"Declinism often leads to nostalgia."
→ 衰敗主義常導致懷舊。
Dunning Krueger /ˈdʌnɪŋ ˈkrʊɡər/ noun
bias where low ability individuals overestimate competence
鄧寧-克魯格
📝 例句
"Dunning Krueger effect the Dunning Krueger effect is a cognitive bias in which individuals"
→ 鄧寧-克魯格效應 鄧寧-克魯格效應是一種認知偏誤 能力或知識不足的個人傾向於高估自己的能力
✨ 延伸例句
"The Dunning Krueger effect explains unskilled confidence."
→ 鄧寧-克魯格效應解釋了為何無技能者卻充滿自信。
endowment /ɪnˈdaʊmənt/ noun
valuing something more simply because you own it
賦予
📝 例句
"endowment effect the end common effect is the tendency to ascribe greater value to items"
→ 賦效應 賦效應是指僅僅因為物品或財產屬於個人 就賦予其更高價值的傾向
✨ 延伸例句
"The endowment effect makes selling hard."
→ 賦效應讓人們難以出售物品。
framing /ˈfreɪmɪŋ/ noun
how information presentation influences decisions
框架
📝 例句
"framing effect the framing effect is a cognitive bias that describes how people's decisions"
→ 框架效應 框架效應是一種認知偏誤 描述人們的決策或感知如何受到資訊呈現方式或框架的影響
✨ 延伸例句
"Framing can change risk perception."
→ 框架會改變風險感知。
gambler /ˈɡæmblər/ noun
fallacy regarding independent random events
賭徒
📝 例句
"gambler's fallacy the gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that if a particular event"
→ 賭徒謬誤 賭徒謬誤是一種錯誤的信念 認為如果某個特定事件或結果在過去發生的頻率高於預期
✨ 延伸例句
"The gambler's fallacy ignores independence."
→ 賭徒謬誤忽略了獨立性。
halo /ˈheɪloʊ/ noun
one trait influences overall perception
光環
📝 例句
"halo effect the halo effect is a cognitive bias where an initial positive impression"
→ 光環效應 光環效應是一種認知偏誤 指最初的正面印象或單一特質會影響對整個人的看法
✨ 延伸例句
"Attractiveness creates a halo effect."
→ 吸引力會產生光環效應。
hindsight /ˌhaɪndˈsaɪt/ noun
seeing events as having been predictable
後見之明
📝 例句
"hindsight bias hindsight bias also known as the new it all along effect is the tendency"
→ 後見之明偏誤 後見之明偏誤 也被稱為「我早就知道效應」 是一種傾向將過去的事件視為比發生前更容易預測
✨ 延伸例句
"Hindsight bias makes mistakes look obvious."
→ 後見之明偏誤讓錯誤看起來很明顯。
illusion /ɪˈluːʒən/ noun
belief in control greater than actual control
錯覺
📝 例句
"illusion of control the illusion of control is a cognitive bias that leads people to believe"
→ 控制錯覺 控制錯覺 是一種認知偏誤 會讓人們相信他們對事件或結果的控制權比實際上更多
✨ 延伸例句
"The illusion of control is common in gambling."
→ 控制錯覺在賭博中很常見。
illusory /ɪˈluːsəri/ noun
truth effect based on repetition
虛假
📝 例句
"illusory truth effect the illusory truth effect is the tendency to believe that a statement"
→ 虛假真實效應 虛假真實效應是傾向於相信一個陳述或主張是真實的 只是因為它被頻繁重複或很熟悉
✨ 延伸例句
"Repetition creates an illusory truth."
→ 重複會創造虛假的真實感。
fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ noun
overemphasizing personal traits over situations
基本
📝 例句
"fundamental attribution error the fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize"
→ 基本歸因錯誤 基本歸因錯誤是過度強調個人特質或性格作為某人行為原因的傾向
✨ 延伸例句
"Fundamental attribution error ignores context."
→ 基本歸因錯誤忽略了情境。
self-serving /self ˈsɜːrvɪŋ/ noun
attributing success to self and failure to external factors
自利
📝 例句
"self-serving bias the self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes"
→ 自利偏誤 自利偏誤是將正面結果或成功歸因於個人特質或努力
✨ 延伸例句
"Self-serving bias protects self-esteem."
→ 自利偏誤保護自尊。
mere exposure /mɪər ɪkˈspoʊʒər/ noun
preference developed through repeated exposure
單純接觸
📝 例句
"mere exposure effects the mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon where people tend to develop"
→ 單純接觸效應 單純接觸效應是一種心理現象 指人們傾向於對某事物產生偏好或正面態度
✨ 延伸例句
"Mere exposure increases liking."
→ 單純接觸會增加好感。
negativity /ˌneɡəˈtɪvəti/ noun
giving more weight to negative information
負面性
📝 例句
"negativity bias the negativity bias is the tendency to give more attention and weight to negative information"
→ 負面性偏誤 負面性偏誤是指人們傾向於對負面資訊、事件或經驗投入更多關注與比重
✨ 延伸例句
"Negativity bias focuses on threats."
→ 負面性偏誤專注於威脅。
normaly /ˈnɔːrməli/ noun
underestimating catastrophic risks
常態性
📝 例句
"normaly bias normaly bias is the tendency to underestimate the likelihood or potential impact"
→ 常態性偏誤 常態性偏誤是指傾向於低估破壞性或災難性事件發生的可能性或潛在影響
✨ 延伸例句
"Normaly bias ignores disaster warnings."
→ 常態性偏誤忽略災難警告。
observational /ˌɒbzərˈveɪʃənəl/ noun
sample not representative of population
觀察
📝 例句
"observational selection bias observational selection bias occurs when the sample of observations"
→ 觀察選擇偏誤 觀察選擇偏誤 是指所研究的觀察樣本或數據未能代表整個目標群體或現象
✨ 延伸例句
"Observational bias leads to false conclusions."
→ 觀察偏誤導致錯誤結論。
omission /oʊˈmɪʃən/ noun
preferring inaction over harmful action
省略
📝 例句
"Omission bias Omission bias is the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse"
→ 省略偏誤 省略偏誤是指傾向於將有害的「行動」評價為比同樣有害的「不行動」更糟糕
✨ 延伸例句
"Omission bias favors the status quo."
→ 省略偏誤偏好現狀。
optimism /ˈɒptɪmɪzəm/ noun
overestimating positive events
樂觀
📝 例句
"optimism bias the optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events"
→ 樂觀偏誤 樂觀偏誤是指傾向於高估正面事件發生的可能性
✨ 延伸例句
"Optimism bias leads to poor planning."
→ 樂觀偏誤導致糟糕的規劃。
ostrich /ˈɒstrɪtʃ/ noun
avoiding unpleasant information
鴕鳥
📝 例句
"ostrich effect the ostrich effect is the tendency to avoid or ignore potentially negative"
→ 鴕鳥效應 鴕鳥效應是指傾向於避免或忽視潛在的負面或令人不快的資訊或情況
✨ 延伸例句
"The ostrich effect ignores financial problems."
→ 鴕鳥效應忽略財務問題。
outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ noun
judging decisions based on results
結果
📝 例句
"outcome bias outcome bias is the tendency to judge a decision or action based on the outcome"
→ 結果偏誤 結果偏誤是指傾向於根據結果來評判決策或行動
✨ 延伸例句
"Outcome bias ignores the decision process."
→ 結果偏誤忽略了決策過程。
overconfidence /ˌoʊvərˈkɒnfɪdəns/ noun
overestimating one's own abilities
過度自信
📝 例句
"overconfidence bias the overconfidence bias is the tendency to overestimate one's own abilities"
→ 過度自信偏誤 過度自信偏誤是指高估自身能力、知識或成功機率的傾向
✨ 延伸例句
"Overconfidence leads to excessive risk."
→ 過度自信導致過度冒險。
planning /ˈplænɪŋ/ noun
underestimating time and resources needed
規劃
📝 例句
"planning fallacy the planning fallacy is the tendency to underestimate the time effort"
→ 規劃謬誤 規劃謬誤是指低估完成一項任務或專案所需的時間、精力或資源的傾向
✨ 延伸例句
"Planning fallacy causes delays."
→ 規劃謬誤導致延誤。
psychological /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ noun
reacting against threats to freedom
心理
📝 例句
"Psychological reactants psychological reactance is the tendency to react in opposition to"
→ 心理抗拒 心理抗拒是指當個人感知到選擇自由或自主權受到威脅或限制時，產生對抗反應的傾向
✨ 延伸例句
"Psychological reactance can increase desire."
→ 心理抗拒會增加渴望。
🎯 共 31 題測驗

1 Which bias involves relying too heavily on the first piece of information received? 哪一種偏誤涉及過度依賴接收到的第一條資訊？ Which bias involves relying too heavily on the first piece of information received?

哪一種偏誤涉及過度依賴接收到的第一條資訊？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Anchoring bias refers to the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information received (the anchor) when making decisions.

錨定偏誤指的是過度依賴所接收的第一條資訊（錨點）來做決策的傾向。

2 What is the 'Availability Heuristic' based on? 「可得性捷思」是基於什麼？ What is the 'Availability Heuristic' based on?

「可得性捷思」是基於什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The availability heuristic involves basing judgments on information that comes to mind most easily, typically due to vividness or recency.

可得性捷思涉及基於最容易浮現腦海的資訊進行判斷，通常因為其生動性或近期性。

3 Which bias describes the tendency to adopt beliefs because others are doing the same? 哪一種偏誤描述了因為他人也在做同樣的事而採取信念的傾向？ Which bias describes the tendency to adopt beliefs because others are doing the same?

哪一種偏誤描述了因為他人也在做同樣的事而採取信念的傾向？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The bandwagon effect is a phenomenon where people adopt beliefs or behaviors because others around them are doing the same.

從眾效應是一種心理現象，指人們因為周遭他人也在做同樣的事而採取某些信念或行為。

4 What does the 'Base Rate Fallacy' ignore? 「基本比率謬誤」忽略了什麼？ What does the 'Base Rate Fallacy' ignore?

「基本比率謬誤」忽略了什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The base rate fallacy occurs when people fail to consider the base rate or general probability of an event.

基本比率謬誤發生於人們未能考量事件的基本比率或一般機率。

5 Who is most likely to have a 'Bias Blind Spot'? 誰最可能有「偏誤盲點」？ Who is most likely to have a 'Bias Blind Spot'?

誰最可能有「偏誤盲點」？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The bias blind spot is the tendency to recognize cognitive biases in others while being unaware of or underestimating one's own biases.

偏誤盲點指的是個人能辨識他人身上的認知偏誤，卻未意識到或低估自身偏誤的傾向。

6 How does 'Choice Supportive Bias' affect memory? 「選擇支持偏誤」如何影響記憶？ How does 'Choice Supportive Bias' affect memory?

「選擇支持偏誤」如何影響記憶？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

Choice supportive bias is the tendency to retroactively ascribe positive attributes to a chosen option while overlooking its flaws.

選擇支持偏誤是回溯性地賦予所選選項正面屬性，同時忽略或淡化其缺陷。

7 What characterizes 'Confirmation Bias'? 「解讀偏誤」的特徵是什麼？ What characterizes 'Confirmation Bias'?

「解讀偏誤」的特徵是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Confirmation bias involves seeking, interpreting, and prioritizing information that aligns with existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

解讀偏誤是尋找、詮釋並優先處理符合既有信念的資訊，同時忽略矛盾證據。

8 What is the 'Conservatism Bias' also known as? 「保守主義偏誤」又稱為什麼？ What is the 'Conservatism Bias' also known as?

「保守主義偏誤」又稱為什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

Conservatism bias is also known as the status quo bias, referring to the tendency to prefer and maintain the current state.

保守主義偏誤也稱為現狀偏誤，是指傾向於偏好並維持現狀的特性。

9 How does the 'Contrast Effect' influence perception? 「對比效應」如何影響感知？ How does the 'Contrast Effect' influence perception?

「對比效應」如何影響感知？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

The contrast effect occurs when perception is influenced by comparison to a contrasting object or situation.

對比效應發生在對某事物的感知受到與其對比物或情境的比較影響時。

10 What is the result of 'Declinism'? 「衰敗主義」的結果是什麼？ What is the result of 'Declinism'?

「衰敗主義」的結果是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Declinism is the tendency to view the past in an overly positive light and perceive the present or future as being in decline.

衰敗主義是過度美化過去，並認為現在或未來處於衰退或惡化狀態。

11 Who is most confident according to the 'Dunning-Kruger Effect'? 根據「鄧寧-克魯格效應」，誰最自信？ Who is most confident according to the 'Dunning-Kruger Effect'?

根據「鄧寧-克魯格效應」，誰最自信？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The Dunning-Kruger effect states that individuals with low ability or knowledge tend to overestimate their own competence.

鄧寧-克魯格效應指出，能力或知識不足的個人傾向於高估自己的能力。

12 What does the 'Endowment Effect' cause people to do? 「賦效應」導致人們做什麼？ What does the 'Endowment Effect' cause people to do?

「賦效應」導致人們做什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The endowment effect causes people to ascribe greater value to items simply because they own them.

賦效應是指僅僅因為物品屬於個人，就賦予其更高價值的傾向。

13 How does the 'Framing Effect' influence decisions? 「框架效應」如何影響決策？ How does the 'Framing Effect' influence decisions?

「框架效應」如何影響決策？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

The framing effect describes how decisions are influenced by the way information is presented (e.g., emphasizing gains vs. losses).

框架效應描述人們的決策如何受到資訊呈現方式（如強調收益或損失）的影響。

14 What is the 'Gambler's Fallacy'? 「賭徒謬誤」是什麼？ What is the 'Gambler's Fallacy'?

「賭徒謬誤」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

The gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that past random events influence the probability of future random events.

賭徒謬誤是錯誤地認為過去的隨機事件會影響未來隨機事件的機率。

15 What is the 'Halo Effect'? 「光環效應」是什麼？ What is the 'Halo Effect'?

「光環效應」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

The halo effect is when an initial positive impression or single trait colors the perception of an entire person or object.

光環效應是指最初的正面印象或單一特質會影響對整個人或事物的看法。

16 What is 'Hindsight Bias' also known as? 「後見之明偏誤」又被稱為什麼？ What is 'Hindsight Bias' also known as?

「後見之明偏誤」又被稱為什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

Hindsight bias is also known as the 'I knew it all along effect', where past events seem more predictable than they were.

後見之明偏誤也被稱為「我早就知道效應」，指認為過去事件比發生前更容易預測。

17 What does the 'Illusion of Control' lead to? 「控制錯覺」會導致什麼？ What does the 'Illusion of Control' lead to?

「控制錯覺」會導致什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The illusion of control leads people to believe they have more control over events than they actually do.

控制錯覺會讓人們相信他們對事件的控制權比實際上更多。

18 What causes the 'Illusory Truth Effect'? 什麼導致「虛假真實效應」？ What causes the 'Illusory Truth Effect'?

什麼導致「虛假真實效應」？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The illusory truth effect occurs because a statement seems more true simply because it has been repeated frequently.

虛假真實效應是因為一個陳述被頻繁重複而讓人覺得它是真實的。

19 What is the 'Fundamental Attribution Error'? 「基本歸因錯誤」是什麼？ What is the 'Fundamental Attribution Error'?

「基本歸因錯誤」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The fundamental attribution error is overemphasizing personal characteristics as the cause of behavior while underestimating situational factors.

基本歸因錯誤是過度強調個人特質作為行為原因，同時低估情境因素的影響。

20 How does 'Self-Serving Bias' protect self-esteem? 「自利偏誤」如何保護自尊？ How does 'Self-Serving Bias' protect self-esteem?

「自利偏誤」如何保護自尊？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

Self-serving bias attributes positive outcomes to personal qualities and negative outcomes to external factors.

自利偏誤將正面結果歸因於個人特質，將負面結果歸因於外部因素。

21 What is the 'Mere Exposure Effect'? 「單純接觸效應」是什麼？ What is the 'Mere Exposure Effect'?

「單純接觸效應」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

The mere exposure effect is developing a preference for something simply because one has been repeatedly exposed to it.

單純接觸效應是指僅因反覆接觸某事物而對其產生偏好。

22 What is the focus of 'Negativity Bias'? 「負面性偏誤」的焦點是什麼？ What is the focus of 'Negativity Bias'?

「負面性偏誤」的焦點是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Negativity bias is the tendency to give more attention and weight to negative information than positive ones.

負面性偏誤是指人們傾向於對負面資訊投入更多關注與比重。

23 What does 'Normaly Bias' cause people to do? 「常態性偏誤」導致人們做什麼？ What does 'Normaly Bias' cause people to do?

「常態性偏誤」導致人們做什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Normaly bias causes people to underestimate the likelihood of disruptive or catastrophic events.

常態性偏誤導致人們低估破壞性或災難性事件發生的可能性。

24 What is 'Observational Selection Bias'? 「觀察選擇偏誤」是什麼？ What is 'Observational Selection Bias'?

「觀察選擇偏誤」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Observational selection bias occurs when the sample being studied is not representative of the entire population.

觀察選擇偏誤是指所研究的樣本未能代表整個目標群體。

25 What is 'Omission Bias'? 「省略偏誤」是什麼？ What is 'Omission Bias'?

「省略偏誤」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Omission bias is the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse than equally harmful inactions.

省略偏誤是指傾向於將有害的行動評價為比同樣有害的不行動更糟糕。

26 What is the main trait of 'Optimism Bias'? 「樂觀偏誤」的主要特徵是什麼？ What is the main trait of 'Optimism Bias'?

「樂觀偏誤」的主要特徵是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

Optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate positive events and underestimate negative events.

樂觀偏誤是指傾向於高估正面事件發生的可能性，並低估負面事件。

27 What is the 'Ostrich Effect'? 「鴕鳥效應」是什麼？ What is the 'Ostrich Effect'?

「鴕鳥效應」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The ostrich effect is the tendency to avoid or ignore potentially negative or unpleasant information.

鴕鳥效應是指傾向於避免或忽視潛在的負面或令人不快的資訊。

28 What does 'Outcome Bias' focus on? 「結果偏誤」的焦點是什麼？ What does 'Outcome Bias' focus on?

「結果偏誤」的焦點是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Outcome bias is judging a decision based on the outcome rather than the quality of the decision-making process.

結果偏誤是根據結果來評判決策，而不是根據決策過程的品質。

29 What is the danger of 'Overconfidence Bias'? 「過度自信偏誤」的危險是什麼？ What is the danger of 'Overconfidence Bias'?

「過度自信偏誤」的危險是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Overconfidence bias leads to excessive confidence and potentially poor decision-making or risk assessment.

過度自信偏誤會導致過度自信以及可能不佳的決策或風險評估。

30 What is the 'Planning Fallacy'? 「規劃謬誤」是什麼？ What is the 'Planning Fallacy'?

「規劃謬誤」是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The planning fallacy is underestimating the time, effort, or resources required to complete a task.

規劃謬誤是指低估完成一項任務所需的時間、精力或資源。

31 What triggers 'Psychological Reactance'? 什麼觸發「心理抗拒」？ What triggers 'Psychological Reactance'?

什麼觸發「心理抗拒」？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Psychological reactance is triggered when one's freedom of choice or autonomy is perceived to be threatened or restricted.

心理抗拒是在個人感知到選擇自由或自主權受到威脅或限制時觸發的。

測驗完成！得分： / 31

完成課程 🎉