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Cognitive Bias | Ethics Defined
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00:04
Cognitive Bias People generally believe that they  are mostly rational in their thinking,   decisions, and actions.
認知偏差 人們通常認為自己在思考、決策和行動上大多是理性的。
00:14
But even the smartest and best-educated  people often commit cognitive errors   as they make financial, medical,  personal, and ethical decisions.
但即使是最聰明、受過最好教育的人，在做出財務、醫療、個人和道德決策時，也常常犯下認知錯誤。
00:25
These errors in thinking   also called cognitive bias affect all  people and virtually every situation.
這些思維錯誤，也稱為認知偏差，會影響所有人以及幾乎所有的情況。
00:34
For example, physicians must be aware  of the error of overconfidence bias as   they make diagnoses which could cause them to  insufficiently value other doctors' opinions.
例如，醫生在做出診斷時，必須意識到過度自信偏差的錯誤，因為這可能導致他們未能充分重視其他醫生的意見。
00:46
Likewise, physicians and everyone else  must watch out for confirmation bias   which is the tendency people  have to process new information   in a way that is heavily influenced  by their existing beliefs.
同樣地，醫生和所有人都必須注意確認偏差，即人們傾向於以深受其既有信念影響的方式來處理新資訊。
01:02
The anchoring effect is another bias in thinking   whereby people's initial focus  on a particular factor number   means that they fail to properly adjust their  judgments as new and different information arises.
錨定效應是另一種思維偏差，人們最初對某個特定因素或數字的關注，意味著當新的不同資訊出現時，他們無法正確調整自己的判斷。
01:18
There is also the cognitive  error of over-generalization   which is the tendency to jump to a broad  conclusion based on a single piece of evidence People are influenced in differing degrees  by these and many other cognitive biases.
還有一種認知錯誤叫做過度概括，即僅憑單一證據就跳躍到一個廣泛結論的傾向。人們受這些以及許多其他認知偏差影響的程度各不相同。
01:36
Studies show that some errors in  thinking can be moderated with education.
研究顯示，某些思維錯誤可以透過教育來緩解。
01:42
For example, physicians can learn  to recognize cognitive biases   and so reduce their diagnostic mistakes.
例如，醫生可以學會識別認知偏差，從而減少診斷失誤。
01:51
But even with effort, none of us will  escape cognitive errors altogether.
但即使付出努力，我們也無法完全避免認知錯誤。
01:57
Knowing your brain is biased is critical to making  it work better for you and everyone around you.
瞭解大腦存在偏差，對於讓它更好地為你和周圍每個人服務至關重要。

Cognitive Bias | Ethics Defined

📝 影片摘要

本單元深入探討「認知偏誤」(Cognitive Bias)，這是一種常見的思維錯誤，會影響我們在財務、醫療及道德上的決策。影片指出，即使是最聰明的人也難以避免過度自信、確認偏誤、錨定效應和過度概括等偏誤。透過醫療診斷的實例，說明這些偏誤可能導致的嚴重後果。最後強調，雖然我們無法完全消除偏誤，但透過教育與自我意識，可以學習辨識並降低其影響，從而做出更理性的判斷。

📌 重點整理

  • ✓ 人們普遍自認為思考與決策是理性的，但事實上常犯下認知錯誤。
  • ✓ 認知偏誤普遍存在，影響所有人及財務、醫療、個人等各種情境。
  • ✓ 過度自信偏誤：過於相信自己的判斷，可能導致忽略他人的專業意見。
  • ✓ 確認偏誤：傾向以既有信念來過濾與解釋新資訊，強化自身觀點。
  • ✓ 錨定效應：過度依賴最初獲得的數字或資訊，導致後續判斷無法正確調整。
  • ✓ 過度概括：僅憑單一證據就急於下一個廣泛的結論。
  • ✓ 研究顯示，透過教育與訓練可以緩解部分思維錯誤，例如降低醫生的診斷失誤。
  • ✓ 了解大腦天生具有偏誤，是改善思考品質、讓思維為自己服務的關鍵第一步。
📖 專有名詞百科 ｜點擊詞彙查看維基百科解釋
認知的
Cognitive
理性的
Rational
決策
Decisions
財務的
Financial
認知錯誤
Cognitive errors
醫生
Physicians
診斷
Diagnoses
不足地
Insufficiently
確認
Confirmation
傾向
Tendency

🔍 自訂查詢

📚 共 10 個重點單字
Cognitive /ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv/ adjective
Relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning.
認知的；認識的
📝 例句
"[4] Cognitive Bias People generally believe that they"
→ 認知偏誤 人們通常認為自己
✨ 延伸例句
"Cognitive abilities improve with age."
→ 認知能力隨著年齡增長而提升。
Rational /ˈræʃənəl/ adjective
Based on reason or logic rather than emotions.
理性的；合理的
📝 例句
"[4] Cognitive Bias People generally believe that they are mostly rational in their thinking,"
→ 認知偏誤 人們通常認為自己在思考上大多是理性的，
✨ 延伸例句
"Investors should remain rational during market crashes."
→ 投資者在市場崩盤時應保持理性。
Decisions /dɪˈsɪʒənz/ noun
Conclusions or resolutions reached after consideration.
決策；決定
📝 例句
"[4] Cognitive Bias People generally believe that they are mostly rational in their thinking, decisions, and actions."
→ 認知偏誤 人們通常認為自己在思考、決策和行動上大多是理性的。
✨ 延伸例句
"Making quick decisions is not always wise."
→ 快速做決定並不總是明智的。
Financial /faɪˈnænʃəl/ adjective
Relating to finance, money, or the management of assets.
財務的；金融的
📝 例句
"[14] But even the smartest and best-educated people often commit cognitive errors as they make financial, medical, personal, and ethical decisions."
→ 但即使是最聰明、受過最好教育的人，在做出財務、醫療、個人和道德決策時，也常常犯下認知錯誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"Financial planning is essential for retirement."
→ 財務規劃對退休生活至關重要。
Cognitive errors /ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈerərz/ noun phrase
Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.
認知錯誤
📝 例句
"[14] But even the smartest and best-educated people often commit cognitive errors as they make financial, medical, personal, and ethical decisions."
→ 但即使是最聰明、受過最好教育的人，在做出財務、醫療、個人和道德決策時，也常常犯下認知錯誤。
✨ 延伸例句
"Recognizing cognitive errors is the first step to better decision-making."
→ 承認認知錯誤是改善決策的第一步。
Physicians /fɪˈzɪʃənz/ noun
Doctors; practitioners of medicine.
醫生；內科醫師
📝 例句
"[34] For example, physicians must be aware of the error of overconfidence bias as they make diagnoses"
→ 例如，醫生在做出診斷時，必須意識到過度自信偏差的錯誤，
✨ 延伸例句
"Physicians often work long hours."
→ 醫生經常工作很長時間。
Diagnoses /ˈdaɪəɡnoʊsiːz/ noun
The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem.
診斷；判斷
📝 例句
"[34] For example, physicians must be aware of the error of overconfidence bias as they make diagnoses which could cause them to insufficiently value other doctors' opinions."
→ 例如，醫生在做出診斷時，必須意識到過度自信偏差的錯誤，因為這可能導致他們未能充分重視其他醫生的意見。
✨ 延伸例句
"Accurate diagnoses are crucial for effective treatment."
→ 準確的診斷對於有效治療至關重要。
Insufficiently /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃəntli/ adverb
Not enough; inadequately.
不足地；不充分地
📝 例句
"[34] For example, physicians must be aware of the error of overconfidence bias as they make diagnoses which could cause them to insufficiently value other doctors' opinions."
→ 例如，醫生在做出診斷時，必須意識到過度自信偏差的錯誤，因為這可能導致他們未能充分重視其他醫生的意見。
✨ 延伸例句
"The project failed because funds were insufficiently allocated."
→ 由於資金分配不足，該項目失敗了。
Confirmation /ˌkɒnfərˈmeɪʃən/ noun
The action of confirming something; evidence that proves a fact.
確認；證實
📝 例句
"[46] Likewise, physicians and everyone else must watch out for confirmation bias which is the tendency people have to process new information"
→ 同樣地，醫生和所有人都必須注意確認偏差，即人們傾向於以深受其既有信念影響的方式來處理新資訊。
✨ 延伸例句
"We are waiting for confirmation of the deal."
→ 我們正在等待交易的確認。
Tendency /ˈtendənsi/ noun
A likelihood to behave in a particular way or to develop a particular problem.
傾向；趨勢
📝 例句
"[46] Likewise, physicians and everyone else must watch out for confirmation bias which is the tendency people have to process new information"
→ 同樣地，醫生和所有人都必須注意確認偏差，即人們傾向於以深受其既有信念影響的方式來處理新資訊。
✨ 延伸例句
"There is a tendency for stock prices to rise in spring."
→ 股價在春季有上漲的趨勢。
🎯 共 10 題測驗

1 According to the video, which group of people is susceptible to cognitive errors? 根據影片，哪一類人容易受到認知錯誤的影響？ According to the video, which group of people is susceptible to cognitive errors?

根據影片，哪一類人容易受到認知錯誤的影響？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video states that even the smartest and best-educated people often commit cognitive errors.

影片指出，即使是最聰明、受過最好教育的人，也常犯下認知錯誤。

2 What is the specific risk for physicians regarding 'overconfidence bias'? 關於「過度自信偏誤」，醫生面臨的具體風險是什麼？ What is the specific risk for physicians regarding 'overconfidence bias'?

關於「過度自信偏誤」，醫生面臨的具體風險是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Overconfidence bias could cause physicians to insufficiently value other doctors' opinions.

過度自信偏誤可能導致醫生未能充分重視其他醫生的意見。

3 Which bias is defined as processing new information heavily influenced by existing beliefs? 哪一種偏誤被定義為處理新資訊時深受既有信念影響？ Which bias is defined as processing new information heavily influenced by existing beliefs?

哪一種偏誤被定義為處理新資訊時深受既有信念影響？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

Confirmation bias is the tendency to process new information in a way that is heavily influenced by existing beliefs.

確認偏誤是傾向以深受既有信念影響的方式來處理新資訊。

4 What characterizes the 'Anchoring Effect'? 「錨定效應」的特徵是什麼？ What characterizes the 'Anchoring Effect'?

「錨定效應」的特徵是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The anchoring effect is when people's initial focus on a number means they fail to properly adjust judgments when new info arises.

錨定效應是指人們對某數字的初始關注，導致當新資訊出現時無法正確調整判斷。

5 What is 'Over-generalization'? 什麼是「過度概括」？ What is 'Over-generalization'?

什麼是「過度概括」？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Over-generalization is the tendency to jump to a broad conclusion based on a single piece of evidence.

過度概括是僅憑單一證據就跳躍到一個廣泛結論的傾向。

6 Can cognitive biases be completely eliminated? 認知偏誤可以完全消除嗎？ Can cognitive biases be completely eliminated?

認知偏誤可以完全消除嗎？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video says that while education can moderate errors, none of us will escape cognitive errors altogether.

影片表示，雖然教育可以緩解錯誤，但我們都無法完全逃脫認知錯誤。

7 What is the result of doctors learning to recognize cognitive biases? 醫生學會辨識認知偏誤的結果是什麼？ What is the result of doctors learning to recognize cognitive biases?

醫生學會辨識認知偏誤的結果是什麼？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

Studies show that physicians can learn to recognize cognitive biases and so reduce their diagnostic mistakes.

研究顯示，醫生可以學會辨識認知偏誤，從而減少診斷失誤。

8 Why is it critical to know your brain is biased? 為什麼了解大腦有偏誤是關鍵的？ Why is it critical to know your brain is biased?

為什麼了解大腦有偏誤是關鍵的？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 A

Knowing your brain is biased is critical to making it work better for you and everyone around you.

了解大腦具有偏誤，對於讓它更好地為你和周圍每個人服務至關重要。

9 In which areas do cognitive errors often occur according to the video? 根據影片，認知錯誤常發生在哪些領域？ In which areas do cognitive errors often occur according to the video?

根據影片，認知錯誤常發生在哪些領域？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 C

The video mentions cognitive errors occur when making financial, medical, personal, and ethical decisions.

影片提到認知錯誤發生在做出財務、醫療、個人和道德決策時。

10 What is the general belief that the video challenges? 影片挑戰了什麼普遍的觀念？ What is the general belief that the video challenges?

影片挑戰了什麼普遍的觀念？

✅ 正確！ ❌ 錯誤，正確答案是 B

The video challenges the belief that people are mostly rational in their thinking, decisions, and actions.

影片挑戰了人們在思考、決策和行動上大多是理性的觀念。

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