This is a public service announcement that is where Guatemala is.
這是一則公益廣告，瓜地馬拉就在那裡。
00:13
Also, that is not where they keep the prisoners, that is called Guantanamo, not the same place.
另外，那裡也不是關押囚犯的地方，那叫關塔那摩，不是同一個地方。
00:19
So, Guatemala is right below Mexico.
瓜地馬拉就在墨西哥的正下方。
00:22
And for the Americans in the audience, and let this sink in because it really applies in most ways.
對於在座的美國聽眾，請仔細思考這點，因為它在大多數情況下都適用。
00:26
For the Americans in the audience, you can think of it as Mexico's Mexico.
對於在座的美國聽眾，你可以把它想像成墨西哥的墨西哥。
00:32
Just like the U.S. doesn't want illegal immigration from Mexico, Mexico doesn't want illegal immigration from Guatemala.
就像美國不希望有來自墨西哥的非法移民一樣，墨西哥也不希望有來自瓜地馬拉的非法移民。
00:39
It's a smaller country, it's a poorer country, and, well, what can I tell you, it has much better Mexican food.
它是一個較小的國家，一個較貧窮的國家，而且，我該怎麼說呢，它的墨西哥菜好吃得多。
00:51
Guatemala is a very poor country.
瓜地馬拉是一個非常貧窮的國家。
00:53
And a lot of people talk about education as something that brings equality to different social classes.
很多人談論教育是能為不同社會階層帶來平等的東西。
00:58
But I always thought it was the opposite, as something that brings inequality.
但我一直認為恰恰相反，它帶來的是不平等。
01:02
Because what happens in practice is that people who have a lot of money can by themselves be really good education, and therefore continue having a lot of money.
因為實際情況是，有錢人可以自己獲得非常好的教育，因此繼續擁有大量財富。
01:09
Whereas people who don't have very much money, barely learn how to read and write.
而那些錢不多的人，卻幾乎只學會讀寫。
01:12
And therefore never make a lot of money, and this is especially true in poor countries.
因此永遠賺不到大錢，這在貧窮國家尤其如此。
01:17
Now, I was fortunate that I received a rich person's education, even though I didn't grow up rich.
我很幸運，雖然我不是在富裕的環境中長大，但我接受了富人的教育。
01:23
And it's because I'm an only child.
那是因為我是獨生子。
01:25
And my mother, who was a single mother, spent all of her resources on my education.
我的母親是一位單親媽媽，她把所有的資源都投入到我的教育上。
01:30
And this allowed me to come to college to the U.S. and eventually get a PhD in computer science.
這讓我得以到美國上大學，並最終獲得了電腦科學博士學位。
01:37
Now, because of all of this, about 10 years ago, I decided I wanted to do something that would give equal access to education to everyone.
由於這一切，大約十年前，我決定要做一些能讓每個人都能平等獲得教育的事情。
01:45
Oh, by the way, this is what I want to talk to you about today, giving equal access to education to everyone.
喔，順帶一提，這就是我今天想和大家談論的主題：讓每個人都能平等獲得教育。
01:50
At the time, I was a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University.
當時，我是卡內基美隆大學的電腦科學教授。
01:56
And I decided to work on this with my PhD student, Severe.
然後我決定和我的博士生 Severe 一起研究這個問題。
02:00
The way my brain works, all of education is just too general of a problem.
以我大腦運作的方式來看，整個教育問題太過籠統。
02:05
So I decided, let's start by teaching one thing.
所以我決定，讓我們從教一件事開始。
02:08
And then I started thinking, okay, well, what should we teach first?
然後我開始思考，好的，那我們應該先教什麼呢？
02:11
Should we teach math?
我們應該教數學嗎？
02:12
I mean, we both love math.
我的意思是，我們都熱愛數學。
02:14
Me and my co-founder, we both love math.
我和我的共同創辦人都熱愛數學。
02:16
And, you know, we didn't decide to do math.
然後，你知道的，我們沒有決定教數學。
02:20
Then we started thinking, well, maybe we should teach computer science.
然後我們開始思考，嗯，也許我們應該教電腦科學。
02:22
But eventually, and this may be surprising to people in North America, eventually, we decided that the best subject to start with was teaching foreign languages.
但最終，這對北美的人來說可能很驚訝，最終，我們決定最好的入門科目是教外語。
02:31
And let me tell you why there's a number of reasons.
讓我告訴你原因，有幾個原因。
02:35
One of them is that there's a huge audience for it.
其中一個原因是它有龐大的受眾。
02:37
There's about two billion people in the world learning a foreign language, both in school and outside of schools.
世界上大約有二十億人在學習外語，無論是在學校內還是學校外。
02:42
Most of these people, by the way, are learning English.
順帶一提，這些人大多數都在學英語。
02:45
About 80% of them are learning English.
其中約有 80% 的人在學英語。
02:47
In this weird map right here, all the countries in green are countries in which people are predominantly learning English.
在這張奇特的圖表中，所有綠色的國家都是人們主要學習英語的國家。
02:53
And the reason for that is because English can truly transform your life.
原因是因為英語真的可以改變你的人生。
02:57
In most countries in the world, knowledge of English can significantly increase your income potential.
在世界上大多數國家，懂英語可以顯著提高你的收入潛力。
03:02
So this is another reason why we decided to start with foreign languages, and it's because we can directly make more money if you learn another language in particular English.
And see, this is pretty different than many other subjects.
你看，這跟許多其他學科很不一樣。
03:11
For example, take math.
舉例來說，以數學為例。
03:13
In the case of math, just knowledge of math does not increase your income potential.
在數學的例子中，單純的數學知識並不會增加你的收入潛力。
03:17
Because usually you have to learn math, to then learn physics, to then become a civil engineer, like that's how you make more money, whereas with languages, if you were a waiter and you learn English, now you can be a waiter at a hotel and make more money.
So we decided, well, let's get started by teaching languages.
所以我們決定，好吧，就從教語言開始吧。
03:34
Now, we also convinced ourselves that the only way to really reach a lot of people was by using a mobile phone or a smartphone in particular.
現在，我們也說服自己，真正接觸到大量人群的唯一方法就是使用手機，特別是智慧型手機。
03:44
See, building schools all over the world is simple, too expensive.
你看，在全球各地蓋學校太簡單了，但太貴了。
03:47
On the other hand, most of the world's population already has access to a smartphone, and the trend is that that fraction is only going to increase.
另一方面，世界上大多數人口已經擁有智慧型手機，而且這個比例只會持續增加。
03:54
So we decided at the time that we would make a way to learn foreign languages on a mobile phone that was accessible to everyone.
所以我們當時決定，我們要創造一種能在手機上學習外語的方式，讓每個人都能負擔得起。
04:02
And then we called it Duolingo.
然後我們將它命名為 Duolingo。
04:04
Thank you.
謝謝。
04:09
Now, in order to truly be accessible to everyone, rich and poor, Duolingo uses a freemium model to support itself.
現在，為了真正讓所有人，無論貧富，都能負擔得起，Duolingo 採用了免費增值模式來支持自身。
04:16
What that means is that you can learn as much as you want without ever having to pay.
這意味著你可以學習任何你想學的內容，而無需付費。
04:22
But if you don't pay, you may have to see an ad at the end of a lesson.
但如果你不付費，你可能需要在課程結束時看到廣告。
04:25
Now, if you don't like ads, you can also pay to subscribe to turn off the ads.
現在，如果你不喜歡廣告，你也可以付費訂閱來關閉廣告。
04:29
And it turns out that the vast majority of the revenue for Duolingo comes from people to pay to subscribe to turn off the ad.
結果發現，Duolingo 的絕大部分收入來自於付費訂閱以關閉廣告的人。
04:35
Now, who are these people who pay to subscribe to turn off the ads?
那麼，這些付費訂閱以關閉廣告的人是誰呢？
04:41
Well, they're usually people, well off people, in rich countries like the US and Canada.
嗯，他們通常是來自富裕國家，例如美國和加拿大的，經濟狀況較好的人。
04:47
Who are the people who don't pay to subscribe?
那些不付費訂閱的人是誰呢？
04:48
They usually come from poorer countries like Brazil or Vietnam or Guatemala.
他們通常來自較貧窮的國家，例如巴西、越南或瓜地馬拉。
04:54
So what I like about this model is that it is a small form of wealth redistribution because we're basically getting the rich people to pay for the education of everyone.
我喜歡這個模式是因為它是一種小規模的財富再分配，因為我們基本上讓富人為所有人的教育付費。
05:01
So I like that.
所以我喜歡這一點。
05:02
Yes.
是的。
05:06
It's so great.
這太棒了。
05:07
So with smartphones, we can reach a lot of people and we can even get the rich people to pay for the whole thing.
所以，透過智慧型手機，我們可以接觸到很多人，甚至可以讓富人為整個項目付費。
05:11
This is great.
這太棒了。
05:13
However, if you're trying to deliver education with a smartphone, you run into a humongous problem.
然而，如果你試圖透過智慧型手機傳授教育，你會遇到一個巨大的問題。
05:18
And it is that smartphones come equipped with some of the most addictive drugs that humanity has ever engineered.
那就是智慧型手機配備了人類有史以來最容易上癮的藥物。
05:24
TikTok, Instagram, mobile games.
TikTok、Instagram、手機遊戲。
05:28
See, delivering education over a smartphone is like hoping that people will eat their broccoli.
你看，透過智慧型手機傳授教育，就像希望人們會吃他們的西蘭花一樣。
05:31
But right next to it, you put the most delicious dessert ever made.
但在你旁邊，你放上了有史以來最美味的甜點。
05:38
If you really want to deliver education to everyone, not only do you have to make it accessible, but also you have to make it so that people want to actually learn.
如果你真的想向所有人傳授教育，你不僅要讓它變得容易取得，還要讓人們真正想學習。
05:46
And we do a thing that we've been able to do this.
我們也做了一件我們能夠做到的事。
05:48
And at the highest level, the way we've done this is by making the broccoli taste like dessert.
在最高層次上，我們做到這一點的方法是讓西蘭花嚐起來像甜點。
05:55
I'll say it another way.
我換個說法。
05:56
What we've done is that we've used the same psychological techniques that apps like Instagram, TikTok, or mobile games used to keep people engaged.
But in this case, we used them to keep people engaged with education.
但在這種情況下，我們用它們來讓用戶對教育保持參與。
06:09
Let me give you some examples of these techniques.
讓我舉一些這些技巧的例子。
06:11
One of the most powerful ones is the notion of a streak.
其中一個最有效的方法是「連續紀錄」的概念。
06:14
What a streak is, is it's just a counter that measures the number of days that you've used the product consecutively.
連續紀錄就是一個計數器，用來衡量你連續使用產品的天數。
06:21
You just take that number, you put it very prominently in your product, and then people come back every day.
你們只要把這個數字，非常顯眼地放在你們的產品裡，然後人們就會每天回來。
06:27
And the reason people come back every day is because, well, if they don't come back, that number resets to zero and people don't want to lose the streak.
人們每天回來是因為，嗯，如果他們不回來，這個數字就會重設為零，而人們不想失去這個連續紀錄。
06:35
It works.
這很有效。
06:36
Now, on the one side, streaks have been criticized for, for example, getting teens addicted to Snapchat.
現在，一方面，連續紀錄因為讓青少年沉迷於 Snapchat 等原因而受到批評。
06:44
But in the case of an educational app, streaks get people to come back to study every day.
但對於教育類應用程式來說，連續紀錄能讓用戶每天回來學習。
06:50
Now, to give you an idea of the power of streaks, in the case of Duolingo, we have over 3 million daily active users that have a streak longer than 365.
That means they haven't missed the day in the last year or longer.
這意味著他們在過去一年或更長時間裡沒有錯過任何一天。
07:05
Now, fun fact about streaks.
現在，關於連續紀錄的有趣事實。
07:07
What country do you think has the longest average streaks for an educational app?
你們認為哪個國家在教育類應用程式的平均連續紀錄最長？
07:13
It's Japan.
是日本。
07:15
Of course.
當然。
07:17
Shortest average streaks?
平均連續紀錄最短的國家？
07:19
Latin America, baby.
拉丁美洲，寶貝。
07:22
But we're fun.
但我們很有趣。
07:23
Hey, we're fun.
嘿，我們很有趣。
07:27
Another important mechanism to get people to come back to your product are notifications.
讓用戶回訪你們產品的另一個重要機制是通知。
07:31
On the one side, notifications can be really spammy and annoying.
一方面，通知可能非常垃圾且令人討厭。
07:34
But in the case of an educational product, people actually want to be reminded to learn.
但對於教育類產品來說，人們實際上希望被提醒去學習。
07:38
In the case of Duolingo, we have a very sophisticated AI system that basically chooses when to send the notification and also what to say in each notification to maximize the probability that people come back.
Now, interestingly, even after all this sophistication, it turns out that the algorithm for choosing what time to send your notification is pretty simple.
現在，有趣的是，即使有了所有這些複雜性，選擇何時發送通知的演算法實際上相當簡單。
08:00
You know what is the best time to send people a notification?
你知道什麼時候是發送通知給人們的最佳時機嗎？
08:02
I'll tell you.
我會告訴你。
08:03
It's 24 hours after they use the product last.
是他們上次使用產品後的 24 小時。
08:06
Because there's an easy explanation.
因為這有一個簡單的解釋。
08:08
If you were free yesterday at 3 p.m., you're probably free today at 3 p.m.
如果你昨天下午 3 點有空，那麼你今天下午 3 點可能也有空。
08:11
as well.
同樣地。
08:13
So this is what a very sophisticated millions of dollars of AI found.
所以這就是一個非常複雜、耗資數百萬美元的 AI 所發現的。
08:19
It's funny.
這很有趣。
08:20
Now, with notifications, you shouldn't be spammy.
現在，關於通知，你不應該過度發送。
08:23
And we're not spammy.
而我們不會過度發送。
08:24
With Duolingo, we actually stop sending notifications after seven days of inactivity.
對於 Duolingo，我們實際上會在七天沒有活動後停止發送通知。
08:27
So if you don't use Duolingo for seven days, we stop sending notifications.
所以如果你七天沒有使用 Duolingo，我們就會停止發送通知。
08:31
Now, at some point, it occurred to us if we're stopping the same people notifications, we should let them know.
現在，在某個時候，我們想到，如果我們停止向某些人發送通知，我們應該讓他們知道。
08:37
So we started sending this notification to people saying, hey, these reminders don't seem to be working.
所以我們開始向人們發送這個通知，說，嘿，這些提醒似乎不起作用。
08:42
We'll stop sending them for now.
我們暫時停止發送它們。
08:43
You know what people do when they get this notification?
你知道人們收到這個通知時會做什麼嗎？
08:46
They come back.
他們會回來。
08:50
Passive aggressive.
被動攻擊。
08:51
Works for my mother, works for Duolingo.
這對我母親有效，對 Duolingo 也有效。
09:02
These passive aggressive notifications are really good at getting people to come back because they feel like our green owl mascot has given up on them.
這些被動攻擊的通知對於讓人們回來非常有效，因為他們感覺我們的綠色貓頭鷹吉祥物已經放棄他們了。
09:09
So they come back and speaking of our green owl mascot, by the way, because all our notifications come from our green owl mascot and, well, he's passive aggressive and also pretty pushy, this is given rise to a lot of memes on the internet that make fun of just the great lengths that he will go through to get you back to learn a language.
It's basically looks like you forgot your Spanish lessons and then there's an intruder and presumably the owl broke into your house to get you a learning language.
它基本上看起來就像你忘了你的西班牙語課，然後有一個入侵者，據推測是貓頭鷹闖進你家來讓你學習語言。
09:41
Duolingo has entered the site guest and there's thousands of memes.
Duolingo 已進入網站訪客，而且有成千上萬的迷因。
09:44
There's SNL skits about it.
有關於它的 SNL 短劇。
09:46
It's because we've managed to get people to want to learn a language by using the same techniques that mobile games and social media use to get people engaged.
這是因為我們成功地讓人們想要學習語言，透過使用手機遊戲和社群媒體用來讓使用者參與的相同技巧。
09:59
This is a really important point.
這是一個非常重要的觀點。
10:00
Let me say this.
讓我說說。
10:00
I don't actually believe that there's a way to make an educational app be as engaging as something like TikTok or Instagram or mobile games.
我其實不認為有辦法讓教育應用程式像 TikTok 或 Instagram 或手機遊戲那樣引人入勝。
10:11
But the good news is that, and by the way, the reason I don't believe that is because ultimately you have to teach people something and it's hard to compete with cats and celebrities.
But the good news is that I don't think you have to.
但好消息是，我不認為你必須這麼做。
10:22
See, here's the thing.
聽著，事情是這樣的。
10:23
When you're learning something, you get meaning out of it.
當你在學習某樣東西時，你會從中獲得意義。
10:26
Whereas when you're scrolling for two hours on Instagram, a lot of times afterwards, you feel like you just wasted your time.
相反地，當你在 Instagram 上滑兩小時，很多時候事後你會覺得自己浪費了時間。
10:32
So I think it's actually okay if your educational product is only 80 or 90% as engaging as something like TikTok because the other 10 or 20% will be provided by people's internal motivation.
If you want to get people to do something meaningful, you can use the same techniques that apps like social media use to get people to do it.
如果你想讓人們做有意義的事情，你可以使用社群媒體應用程式用來讓人們做事的相同技巧。
10:55
And even if you're not as engaging as those apps are, you can still get hundreds of millions of people to use your product.
即使你沒有那些應用程式那麼吸引人，你仍然可以讓數億人使用你的產品。
11:02
In the case of Duolingo, for example, there are more people learning languages on Duolingo in the United States than there are people learning languages across all U.S. high schools combined.
My hope is that, I know we can do this, but my hope is that as humanity, we can do what Duolingo has done for learning languages, but for all other subjects where we can get people to learn math with mobile phones, like millions of people to learn math with mobile phones,
I hope for a future in which screen time is not a bad thing in which we can deliver high-quality education to everyone, rich or poor, using a mobile phone.
我希望有一個未來，螢幕時間不再是壞事，我們能夠透過手機向所有人，無論貧富，提供高品質的教育。
11:43
But the single most important thing that I can end this talk with is a reminder to please, please, I beg you, do your language lessons today.
但我演講結束前最重要的一點是提醒大家，請、請、我懇求你們，今天就去上你們的語言課。
11:53
Thank you very much.
非常感謝。
11:56
Thank you.
謝謝。
11:57
Thank you.
謝謝。
12:05
Luis, thank you so much.
Luis，非常感謝你。
12:06
Thank you.
謝謝。
12:07
I wonder if you can just say a little bit more about that last point.
我想知道你是否能多談談最後一點。
12:10
How do you think that you can apply this type of thinking to other subjects?
你認為如何將這種思維應用於其他學科？
12:16
So you mentioned math, you mentioned things like that.
你提到了數學，你提到了類似的東西。
12:18
How do you do that?
你是怎麼做到的？
12:20
Yeah, I think in particular subjects that are learned through repetition.
是的，我認為特別是那些透過重複學習的學科。
12:24
It turns out most things that are really meaningful are learned through thousands of thousands of repetitions.
結果發現，大多數真正有意義的事情都是透過成千上萬次的重複來學習的。
12:28
You learn to read through repetition, you learn elementary school math repetition.
你透過重複學習閱讀，你透過重複學習小學數學。
12:32
Most things that you can learn through repetition, you can actually gamify and turn into something like Duolingo, where people just do it a lot and do it fun.
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