In the early 20th century, a young man named Abdulaziz ibn Saud is determined to reclaim his family's lost kingdom.
二十世紀初，一位名為阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·伊本·沙特的年輕人決心奪回家族失去的王國。
00:12
Born in 1876, Abdulaziz grew up in exile in Kuwait after his family, the House of Saud, was overthrown by the rival Al-Rashid clan.
阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲生於1876年，在家族沙特王朝被對手拉希德家族推翻後，他在科威特流亡長大。
00:24
In 1902, at the age of 26, he embarks on a daring mission to recapture his ancestral home, Riyadh.
1902年，26歲的他展開一場大膽的行動，意圖重新奪回祖先的家園利雅德。
00:33
Leading a small band of warriors, he launches a surprise attack on the Mass Mac Fortress, seizing control of the lost city his family used to rule.
他率領一小隊戰士，對麥斯麥克堡發動突襲，奪取了家族曾統治的失落城市的控制權。
00:44
In the early days of the 20th century, Abdulaziz's victory in Riyadh meant little to that era's western power.
二十世紀初，阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲在利雅德的勝利對當時的西方強權來說意義不大。
00:51
Abdulaziz ibn Saud was still just a regional warlord.
阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·伊本·沙特仍然只是一個地區軍閥。
00:56
But Abdulaziz's ambition is far greater.
但阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲的野心遠不止於此。
01:00
With Riyadh reclaimed, Abdulaziz begins to consolidate power across Najt, the heart of Arabia.
在奪回利雅德後，阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲開始在阿拉伯半島的中心地帶納季德鞏固權力。
01:08
Starting any war requires a lot of money to fund campaigns and someone who can acquire the resources needed to make it happen.
發動任何戰爭都需要大量資金來支持戰役，並需要有人能夠獲取所需的資源來實現這一目標。
01:17
For Abdulaziz ibn Saud, that person was Abdulaziz Al-Sulaman.
對於阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·伊本·沙特來說，這個人就是阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·蘇萊曼。
01:23
Suleiman is Abdulaziz ibn Saud's most trusted financial advisor.
蘇萊曼是阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·伊本·沙特最信任的財務顧問。
01:28
In the early years of Abdulaziz ibn Saud's conquest, money was hard to come by.
在阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·伊本·沙特征服的早期，資金難以籌集。
01:34
Suleiman played a key role in raising funds, securing loans, and gaining financial support from local merchants, regional leaders, and allies.
蘇萊曼在籌集資金、獲得貸款以及從當地商人、地區領袖和盟友那裡獲得財務支持方面發揮了關鍵作用。
01:45
Money was crucial in building alliances and keeping loyalty of different tribes in the Arabia and Penisulah.
資金在建立聯盟和維持阿拉伯半島不同部落的忠誠方面至關重要。
01:53
Through diplomacy, alliances, and strategic marriages, Abdulaziz ibn Saud unites warring tribes under his rule.
通過外交、聯盟和戰略婚姻，阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·伊本·沙特將交戰的部落統一在他的統治下。
02:01
By 1921, he defeats the Al-Rashid family, securing his hold over central Arabia.
到1921年，他擊敗了拉希德家族，鞏固了對中部阿拉伯的控制。
02:08
His conquest spreads to the Hijaz, the region housing the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
他的征服擴展到希賈茲地區，該地區擁有聖城麥加和麥地那。
02:13
And by 1925, he finally brings the Hijaz under his control.
到1925年，他終於將希賈茲地區納入他的控制之下。
02:20
On September 23, 1932, Abdulaziz ibn Saud proclaims the birth of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, making himself the undisputed king of the new desert nation.
While Abdulaziz ibn Saud succeeded in uniting the tribes and founding the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the newly formed nation remains impoverished, with limited infrastructure and resources.
Despite his military and political victories, the country's vast desert landscape offers little in the way of economic prosperity, leaving it dependent on meager trade and subsistence agriculture.
But a monumental discovery is on the horizon, one that would transform Saudi Arabia's fate, and it would come from a surprising source, deep beneath its sands, uncovered by American hands.
With the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the biggest oil company in America realizes that this could be a great opportunity.
隨著沙烏地阿拉伯王國的建立，美國最大的石油公司意識到這可能是一個巨大的機會。
04:28
Standard Oil of California immediately sends a team of geologists to Saudi Arabia, and its neighbor, Bahrain, hoping to find oil in the barren deserts of the Arabian Gulf.
The effort is led by a man named Fred Davies, a geologist working for Standard Oil of California.
這項工作由一位名為弗雷德·戴維斯的男子領導，他是加州標準石油公司的地質學家。
04:50
While Davies knows the potential to profit is unprecedented, he also understands the immense uncertainty and challenge.
雖然戴維斯知道獲利的潛力是前所未有的，但他也理解其中巨大的不確定性和挑戰。
04:58
The Arabian Peninsula was mostly unexplored and considered unlikely for finding oil.
阿拉伯半島大部分地區尚未被探索，且被認為不太可能發現石油。
05:04
Many geologists believe that the oil-rich fields in Iraq and Iran and Kuwait were exceptions, making them doubt the potential for oil elsewhere in the region.
Davies finds an island kingdom in the Arabian Gulf, one he deems to be more promising than other regions, Bahrain.
戴維斯發現了阿拉伯灣中的一個島國，他認為這個地方比其他地區更有前景，即巴林。
05:29
But the problem is, many explorers and experts have already scoured Bahrain, and they all fail to find any oil.
但問題是，許多探險家和專家已經搜遍了巴林，但他們都未能發現任何石油。
05:37
In 1931, Davies and his team set foot on the hot and dusty island, beginning their two-year gruelling journey in the midst of intense heat and with rudimentary equipment.
At a depth of over 2,000 feet, the ground finally gives way to what they had been searching for – oil.
在超過2,000英尺的深度，地面終於讓位於他們一直在尋找的東西——石油。
06:02
The Jebel Dukan Well, also known as Well No. 1, becomes the first productive oil well in the region.
杰貝爾杜坎井，又稱1號井，成為該地區第一口生產石油的油井。
06:11
And its monumental discovery bodes well for its neighbor Saudi Arabia.
這一重大發現對其鄰國沙烏地阿拉伯來說是個好兆頭。
06:18
After the discovery of oil in the Jebel Dukan Well in Bahrain, Standard Oil immediately realizes that Saudi Arabia could be brimming with oil beneath its surface.
在巴林的杰貝爾杜坎井發現石油後，加州標準石油公司立即意識到沙烏地阿拉伯的地表下可能蘊含豐富的石油。
06:29
So the discovery of oil in the area lets Standard Oil to believe that Saudi Arabia might also have oil.
因此，該地區石油的發現使加州標準石油公司相信沙烏地阿拉伯也可能擁有石油。
06:36
The company swiftly initiates negotiations for a concession agreement with the Saudi government.
該公司迅速與沙烏地政府展開特許協議談判。
06:42
SoCal, through its subsidiary, the California Arabian Standard Oil Company, is granted the right to explore the Saudi sands for oil.
南加州石油公司透過其子公司「加州阿拉伯標準石油公司」，獲得在沙烏地沙漠勘探石油的權利。
06:51
But it will take SoCal another five years of after many challenges, including logistical difficulties and the harsh desert environment before finally find a viable well.
American construction companies like Bechtel pour into the kingdom, securing government contracts to modernize Saudi Arabia's infrastructure.
美國建築公司如貝克特爾（Bechtel）涌入王國，獲得政府合約以現代化沙烏地阿拉伯的基礎設施。
08:21
Colossal cranes rise against the Arabian sky, building highways and cities with American expertise.
巨大的起重機在阿拉伯的天空下升起，以美國的專業技術建設高速公路和城市。
08:27
The wealth generated by oil is unprecedented, rapidly transforming the desert country into bustling centers of commerce and innovation.
石油帶來的財富前所未有，迅速將這個沙漠國家轉變為繁榮的商業和創新中心。
08:37
But beneath the shimmer of Prosperity, unchecked indulgences begin to spiral and whispers of unsustainable extravagance rise.
但在繁榮的光芒下，無節制的放縱開始失控，對不可持續的奢華的議論也隨之而起。
08:55
Jay Rives Childs has been the first US ambassador to Saudi Arabia since 1946, and quickly becomes an important asset in the Middle East, due to his unique diplomatic approach.
Childs himself cultivated what he described as an unusually close relationship with the king during his nearly four years of service.
查爾茲本人在近四年的任期內，培養了他所描述的與國王異常親密的關係。
09:17
On one of my visits to his capital, the king went so far as to propose through one of his ministers that I accept a slave girl in my quarters during my stay.
在我訪問他的首都期間，國王甚至透過一位大臣提議，在我的逗留期間接受一名奴隸女孩在我的住所。
09:26
So significant a compliment was almost unprecedented since the Muslim generally regards with abhorrence, physical possession of a Muslim woman by an infidel.
這樣重大的榮譽幾乎是前所未有的，因為穆斯林通常對異教徒擁有穆斯林女性的身體感到深惡痛絕。
09:37
Despite the massive success of Aramco and the wealth it has generated to Saudi Arabia, Childs soon received some alarming news.
儘管阿美石油公司取得了巨大成功並為沙烏地阿拉伯帶來了財富，但查爾斯很快收到了一些令人震驚的消息。
09:46
In an urgent meeting with Aramco's chief representative, Childs learns of a substantial loan Aramco has approved for the Saudi government, $6 million interest-free.
Childs quickly called Washington, and they found out that the king and the court had spent way more money than expected.
查爾斯迅速致電華盛頓，他們發現國王和宮廷的開支遠超預期。
10:06
A tribal leader in Arabia needed to demonstrate his strength and control on a continuing basis by providing for the tribe financially.
阿拉伯的部落領袖需要通過持續的財務支持來展示其力量和控制力。
10:15
Abdul Aziz saw his kingdom as a giant tribal confederacy that he had painstakingly crafted and diligently bought, married, and fought into submission.
阿卜杜勒·阿齊茲將他的王國視為一個龐大的部落聯盟，他通過精心策劃、不斷收買、聯姻和戰爭才將其征服。
10:27
Maintaining order throughout the vast territory was best accomplished by maintaining the traditions that had worked for generations.
在廣闊的領土上維持秩序，最好的辦法是保持世代相傳的傳統。
10:34
The Americans realize that if the kingdom continues its spending spree, it could face bankruptcy and social unrest, jeopardizing U.S. financial interests.
美國人意識到，如果王國繼續無節制地開支，可能會面臨破產和社會動盪，從而危及美國的金融利益。
10:44
But what happens next will catch them completely off guard.
但接下來發生的事卻讓他們完全措手不及。
10:50
The relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States has come to a critical moment.
沙烏地阿拉伯和美國的關係已經到了一個關鍵時刻。
10:56
With an ever-increasing demand for more profits from Aramco, King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud threatens to nationalize Aramco, an action that would prove perilous for both parties.
On November 28, 1950, they are forced to sit at the negotiation table.
1950年11月28日，他們被迫坐到談判桌前。
11:16
There's no doubt that if the country faces a financial crisis due to poor physical policies, it could also lead to social instability, which might even threaten King Abdul Aziz's rule.
This would be a major risk factor for the shareholders of Aramco.
這將是阿美石油公司股東的一個重大風險因素。
11:34
But for the King of Saudi Arabia, he needs the ever-growing funds for different purposes.
但對於沙烏地阿拉伯國王來說，他需要不斷增長的資金來滿足不同的需求。
11:40
Military superiority was only part of the battle.
軍事優勢只是戰鬥的一部分。
11:43
A tribal leader in Arabia needed to demonstrate his strength and control on a continuing basis by providing for the tribe financially.
阿拉伯的部落領袖需要通過持續的財務支持來展示其力量和控制力。
11:51
This meant responding to the needs and bequests of his people promptly and with gifts, justice, and cash.
這意味着需要迅速回應人民的需求和遺囑，並以禮物、正義和現金來滿足他們。
11:58
The negotiation lasts for a month, and neither party wants to compromise.
談判持續了一個月，雙方都不願意妥協。
12:05
Ever since the establishment of Aramco, the company has taken the majority share of the profits.
自從阿美石油公司成立以來，公司一直佔據了大部分的利潤。
12:11
But now, King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud makes a bold demand.
但現在，阿卜杜勒·阿齊茲國王提出了一個大膽的要求。
12:16
He wants 50% of the profits, because he believes that is the only fair arrangement.
他要求獲取50%的利潤，因為他認為這是唯一公平的安排。
12:21
For Aramco, giving away 50% of its profits will severely affect the company's expansion plan, significantly slowing its growth and reinvestment.
對於阿美石油公司來說，放棄50%的利潤將嚴重影響公司的擴張計劃，顯著減緩其成長和再投資。
12:31
And the U.S. government also believes it is more important in the long-term to keep its Saudi business partner happy than to try and maximize profits for now.
而美國政府也認為，從長遠來看，讓沙烏地阿拉伯的商業夥伴感到滿意，比試圖在當下最大化利潤更為重要。
12:40
They came out with a very clever arrangement.
他們提出了一個非常聰明的安排。
12:43
Aramco decided to give 50% of his profits to Saudi Arabia at the same time the U.S. government allowed part of these profits to be claimed as a foreign tax credit, giving Aramco's a significant tax break.
This arrangement came at a big cost to the U.S. government's tax revenue, but it gave both Saudi Arabia and America enough financial incentives to keep the relationship stable and profitable.
The Saudis used the Americans' misperceptions of them as unintelligent, greedy, and unmotivated to their own advantage in this situation.
沙烏地人利用美國人對他們的誤解，認為他們愚蠢、貪婪和缺乏動力，在這種情況下為自己謀取利益。
13:20
Suleiman and his deputies deliberately led the Americans on, telling them what they wanted to hear and temporarily placating them until the time was right.
蘇萊曼和他的副手們故意引導美國人，告訴他們想聽的話，並暫時安撫他們，直到時機成熟。
13:35
The Arabian American Oil Company, whose great Saudi Arabian fields are among the most important in the world, has agreed to share its profits half and half with the Saudi Arabian government, company officials disclosed here today.
While securing an advantageous 50-50th profit-sharing agreement with the Kingdom seemed like a resolution, Saudi Arabia makes yet another shocking demand.
雖然與沙烏地阿拉伯王國達成了有利的五五分成協議，但沙烏地阿拉伯又提出了另一個令人震驚的要求。
14:01
Despite receiving $110 million in 1950 from the Aramco profit-sharing agreement, Finance Minister Suleiman makes an unexpected request.
He now demands Aramco to pay in advance on the following year's payment.
他現在要求阿美石油公司預先支付下一年的款項。
14:15
At this time the king was getting older and he slowly started passing on responsibilities to the Crown Prince South, who had been chosen to succeed him.
此時，國王年事已高，逐漸開始將責任移交給被選為繼任者的王儲蘇德。
14:25
But Crown Prince Saud has a spending problem.
但王儲蘇德有一個花錢的問題。
14:28
Saud turned out to be a weak leader.
蘇德證明是一個軟弱的領導者。
14:30
He wanted to please, and the person he most sought to please was himself, generally with extravagant luxuries, opulent palaces, and copious amounts of food and drink.
他希望取悅別人，而他最想取悅的人是他自己，通常是通過奢華的享受、豪華的宮殿以及大量的食物和飲料。
14:40
Afraid that the king and his Crown Prince might make rash decisions that could harm Aramco's operations.
恐怕國王和王儲可能會做出草率的決定，損害阿美石油公司的運營。
14:47
The company decides to arrange a loan of hundreds of millions for the Saudi royal family from the Export-Import Bank of America.
公司決定安排從美國進出口銀行為沙烏地王室提供數億貸款。
14:59
In 1953, at the age of 78, King Abdulaziz faces a decline in his health.
1953年，78歲的阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王的健康狀況開始下降。
15:05
The king's health had been declining for several years.
國王的健康狀況已經下降了幾年。
15:09
His eyesight had dimmed and his circulation had grown so poor, he needed to wear thick socks to keep his feet warm.
他的視力已經模糊，血液循環也變得非常差，需要穿厚襪子來保暖雙腳。
15:17
An injury to his back that he had suffered during his early years of conquest made walking difficult, and he was plagued by arthritis.
早年征戰時受的背傷讓他行走困難，而且還受到關節炎的折磨。
15:26
He had become less and less involved in state business and preferred to sit in his palace drinking hot coffee and reminiscing.
他逐漸減少參與國事，寧願坐在宮殿裡喝熱咖啡並回憶往事。
15:34
More troubling than his health problems is the uncertainty of succession, choosing the next king to rule Saudi Arabia.
比健康問題更令人擔憂的是繼承問題的不確定性，即選擇下一位統治沙烏地阿拉伯的國王。
15:43
Although the king had confirmed that his eldest living son, Saud as Crown Prince, there was still a lot of uncertainty and disagreement.
雖然國王已經確認他的長子蘇德為王儲，但仍然存在許多不確定性和分歧。
15:51
Many groups, like the powerful Yulima, and some members of the royal family had not fully committed supporting Saud at that time.
許多團體，如強大的尤利馬族，以及一些王室成員當時並未完全支持蘇德。
16:00
To make matters more complicated, King Abdulaziz's second son, Faisal, introduces yet another layer of unpredictability.
更複雜的是，阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王的二子費薩爾又增加了另一層不可預測性。
16:08
He sees weakness in his brother, and that he will crumble under the weight of the Crown.
他認為自己的哥哥軟弱，無法承受王位的重擔。
16:15
Prince Faisal, second in line for the Crown, headed the Saudi delegation.
費薩爾王子，王位的第二順位繼承人，率領了沙烏地代表團。
16:20
Although he was King Abdulaziz's second oldest living son, he was widely known in both Saudi and American circles as more capable than his older brother, Saud.
雖然他是阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王的第二長子，但在沙烏地和美國的圈子裡，他被公認為比哥哥蘇德更有能力。
16:32
He had traveled extensively at the bidding of his father.
他曾廣泛地奔走於父親的指派之中。
16:36
Amid the succession uncertainty, King Abdulaziz in Saud succumbs to his illness and passes away on November 9, 1953.
在繼承問題尚未明朗之際，阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王在蘇德因病去世，於1953年11月9日離世。
16:46
King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, who won a desert kingdom with his sword and huge revenues by shrewd oil leases, died today after a long illness.
King Abdulaziz's passing leaves a void that will be felt for generations.
阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王的離世留下了一個將被世代感受的空缺。
17:01
His conquest and unification of the nation were monumental achievements.
他對國家的征服和統一是偉大的成就。
17:08
But his greatest triumph was guiding the country to prosperity through the wealth of its oil.
但他最大的勝利是通過石油財富引領國家走向繁榮。
17:14
A vision now etched into the skylines of modern cities and reflected in the lives of a thriving people.
這一願景如今已鐫刻在現代城市的天際線上，並反映在人民繁榮的生活中。
17:21
But his death threatens to unleash massive turmoil as the transition of power in the Middle East has often been marked by bloodshed and catastrophe.
但他的去世威脅著釋放巨大的動盪，因為中東的權力過渡往往伴隨著流血和災難。
17:35
To make matters worse, at the time of the King's death, Crown Prince Saud is away, making a public appearance in Jeddah.
更糟糕的是，在國王去世時，王儲蘇德正在吉達進行公開活動。
17:43
King Abdulaziz dies before Saud can return to Taif.
阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王在蘇德返回塔伊夫之前去世。
17:47
This brief moment of power vacuum creates a golden opportunity for Faisal to assert his dominance and potentially declare himself the King of Saudi Arabia.
Upon Saud's return, Faisal makes a shocking decision.
在沙特返回後，費薩爾做出了一個驚人的決定。
18:06
He pledges his support to Saud, offering him a ring from their father's hand as a symbol of his loyalty.
他宣誓效忠沙特，並獻上一枚他們父親的戒指作為忠誠的象徵。
18:13
This gesture sets an example, prompting the court to follow suit and pledge their allegiance to Saud as the new King of Saudi Arabia.
這個舉動樹立了榜樣，促使朝廷效仿，宣誓效忠沙特為沙烏地阿拉伯的新國王。
18:22
Aemir Saud, the new King of Saudi Arabia, was Crown Prince from 1933 until the death yesterday of Ibn Saud, his father.
艾米爾·沙特，沙烏地阿拉伯的新國王，從1933年開始擔任王儲，直到昨天他的父親伊本·沙特逝世。
18:30
The decree fixing his succession was signed by all members of the Royal High Council when he became Crown Prince. He is 52 years old.
關於他的繼位法令是在他成為王儲時由皇室高級委員會的所有成員簽署的。他現年52歲。
18:39
Faisal has missed the opportunity to take charge.
費薩爾錯過了掌權的機會。
18:43
He soon realizes the grave mistake he has just made.
他很快意識到自己剛剛犯下了嚴重的錯誤。
18:54
After the seemingly smooth transition of power from King Abdulaziz to King Saud, the nation's economic situation quickly deteriorates.
在阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王向沙特國王看似平穩的權力過渡後，國家的經濟狀況迅速惡化。
19:03
By early 1958, the kingdom was on the brink of a serious financial crisis.
到1958年初，王國已經處於嚴重財政危機的邊緣。
19:09
The country was in debt, and Saud had directed the treasury to print currency to pay for the new government buildings he had decreed should be built.
國家負債累累，沙特指示財政部印鈔來支付他下令建造的新政府大樓的費用。
19:17
There was rapid inflation.
通貨膨脹迅速加劇。
19:20
And soon, a political crisis erupts.
不久，一場政治危機爆發了。
19:24
Despite his inner conflict about challenging his older brother, Faisal feels a deep sense of responsibility to ensure the survival of his family's rule and the kingdom.
盡管費薩爾內心對於挑戰他的哥哥感到矛盾，但他深感有責任確保家族統治和王國的生存。
19:35
In early 1958, after securing the support of his fellow princes, Faisal takes control of the government.
1958年初，在獲得其他王子的支持後，費薩爾接管了政府。
19:43
In early 1958, Faisal, having had enough of his brother's fiscal irresponsibility and concerned for the survival of Al Saud's rule, staged a bloodless palace coup.
But when Faisal makes a visit to the treasury department, he makes a distressing discovery.
但當費薩爾造訪財政部時，他發現了一個令人憂心的情況。
20:09
He realized that a Saudi government had almost completely run out of the treasury reserves.
他意識到沙烏地阿拉伯政府幾乎已耗盡國庫儲備。
20:14
The gold vaults were nearly empty.
金庫幾乎空了。
20:18
Faisal fires the finance minister and takes on the role himself, and he immediately implements strict austerity measures for the country.
費薩爾解僱了財政部長，並親自接管這個職位，立即為國家實施嚴格的緊縮措施。
20:26
And what the demanding of them is what they're calling austerity.
而他們所要求的是所謂的緊縮措施。
20:30
Two things.
有兩件事。
20:30
One, cutting government spending, which is what a company does.
第一，削減政府支出，這就是公司會做的事。
20:33
What does a company do when it can't pay its debt?
當一家公司無法償還債務時會怎麼做？
20:36
It fires people, it cuts spending, it sells plant and equipment.
它會裁員、削減支出、出售廠房和設備。
20:40
It raises money by shrinking.
通過縮減規模來籌集資金。
20:45
But then the other side is raising taxes and increasing regulations.
但另一方面是增加稅收和加強監管。
20:51
Faisal understands that such actions will not make him a popular ruler.
費薩爾知道這些行動不會讓他成為受歡迎的統治者。
20:56
But he knows it is crucial for the country to endure short-term hardships in order to recover from the financial problems exacerbated by the previous administration.
但他知道，為了從前任政府惡化的財政問題中復甦，國家必須承受短期的困難。
21:08
A period of relative economic austerity in Saudi Arabia was predicted by Middle Eastern diplomats today.
今天，中東外交官預測沙烏地阿拉伯將進入相對經濟緊縮的時期。
21:15
They said this would be part of a determined effort by Crown Prince Faisal to straighten out the kingdom's finances.
他們表示，這將是王儲費薩爾為整頓王國財政而做出的堅定努力的一部分。
21:22
One of Faisal's key measures is to reduce the profit-sharing agreement with Aramco, which means that his fellow princes and tribal leaders receive a smaller share of the profits.
This decision risks losing their support and weakening his position.
這個決定可能會失去他們的支持，並削弱他的地位。
21:40
The powerless King Saud sees this as an opportunity for a comeback.
無權的國王沙特將此視為東山再起的機會。
21:46
In 1961, Faisal establishes a comprehensive budget for the government.
1961年，費薩爾為政府制定了全面的預算。
21:51
Understanding that while the recession will eventually pass, the government must maintain a disciplined, frugal approach to spending.
他明白，雖然經濟衰退最終會過去，但政府必須保持紀律嚴明、節儉的支出方式。
21:59
For the budget to take effect, Faisal still needs King Saud to sign off on it, an action that was once merely a rubber stamp formality.
為了使預算生效，費薩爾仍需沙特國王的簽署，這曾經只是一個橡皮圖章的形式。
22:10
With the backing of a faction of princes seeking more money and a bigger budget for themselves, King Saud makes a shocking decision.
在一群尋求更多金錢和更大預算的王子派系支持下，沙特國王做出了一個震驚的決定。
22:19
He refuses to approve Faisal's budget.
他拒絕批准費薩爾的預算。
22:22
To Faisal, this is a betrayal of the highest order, leaving him no choice but to resign as finance minister in protest.
對費薩爾來說，這是一種最高級別的背叛，迫使他不得不辭去財政部長職務以示抗議。
22:31
King Saud is now restored to full power.
沙特國王現在重新掌握了全部權力。
22:39
Faisal knows that his financial policies have prevented the nation from collapsing entirely.
費薩爾知道，他的財政政策防止了國家完全崩潰。
22:45
He also understands that it's only a matter of time before another opportunity arises.
他也理解，這只是時間問題，另一個機會終會出現。
22:50
And when it does, he will be prepared to act decisively.
當機會來臨時，他將準備好果斷行動。
22:53
This time without mercy.
這次，他將不再心慈手軟。
23:00
King Saud's extravagant lifestyle finally takes a toll on his health.
沙特國王的奢侈生活方式終於對他的健康造成了影響。
23:05
In late 1961, he seeks medical treatment in Boston, United States, and later in Europe.
1961年底，他在美國波士頓尋求醫療，後來又前往歐洲。
23:14
His extended absence abroad presents a clear opportunity for Faisal.
他長期在國外的缺席為費薩爾提供了一個明顯的機會。
23:19
Faisal took advantage of his brother's absence as stepping stones to regain his power.
費薩爾利用他兄弟不在的時機，作為重新奪回權力的墊腳石。
23:26
During his brother's absence, Faisal fired to law the finance minister and a close ally of King Saud.
在他兄弟不在期間，費薩爾解除了財政部長的職務，這位部長是沙特國王的親密盟友。
23:34
And Faisal doesn't stop there.
而費薩爾並未就此止步。
23:36
He slowly removes most of the Saud's allies, including Tariki.
他逐漸清除了沙特國王的大多數盟友，包括塔里基。
23:41
By 1963, as Faisal's influence continues to grow, it becomes clear that King Saud's reign is weakening.
到1963年，隨著費薩爾的影響力不斷增長，沙特國王的統治明顯走向衰弱。
23:49
Eventually, Faisal realizes that a decisive action has to be taken, one that seems all but inevitable.
最終，費薩爾意識到必須採取果斷行動，這似乎已是不可避免。
23:57
The long struggle for power between King Saud and Crown Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia is over, and Prince Faisal is in complete control, sources close to royal family said here today.
To solidify his rule, Faisal exiles his brother King Saud, ensuring he can never regain power.
為了鞏固他的統治，費薩爾流放了他的兄弟沙特國王，確保他永遠無法重新掌權。
24:15
With his position secure, Faisal can now focus on implementing his vision for the country, and he needs someone with the experience and skill to help bring that vision to life.
The discovery of oil has completely transformed the nation.
石油的發現徹底改變了這個國家。
24:38
Aramco has brought immense wealth to the country, wealth on a scale never seen before.
阿美石油公司為國家帶來了前所未有的巨大財富。
24:42
A significant portion of this wealth goes into building infrastructure and modernizing the nation.
這些財富的很大一部分用於建設基礎設施和現代化國家。
24:49
But the Saud family still lays claim to much of it.
但沙特家族仍然聲稱擁有其中的大部分。
24:53
And when King Abdulaziz ibn Saud passes away, his eldest son, Saud, proves to be ineffective and overly extravagant.
當阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲國王逝世後，他的長子沙特證明自己無能且過於奢侈。
25:02
Under King Saud's leadership, the country plunges into a financial crisis due to rampant overspending.
在沙特國王的領導下，由於無節制的超支，國家陷入了財政危機。
25:09
Faisal, Saud's brother, steps in, and through intense political maneuvering, eventually ousts King Saud, becoming the undisputed ruler of Saudi Arabia.
Faisal vows that under his reign, the country's finances will be managed with wisdom and foresight.
費薩爾發誓，在他的統治下，國家的財政將以智慧和遠見來管理。
25:28
But to do that, he needs someone smart and capable to serve as the finance minister.
但為了做到這一點，他需要一位聰明能幹的人來擔任財政部長。
25:38
The man who will help Faisal transform Saudi Arabia's financial empire has a prestigious educational background.
這位將幫助費薩爾改造沙烏地阿拉伯金融帝國的人擁有顯赫的教育背景。
25:46
Saki Yamani came from a respected family of Islamic legal scholars and later earned degrees from New York University and Harvard Law School.
薩基·亞馬尼出身於一個受人尊敬的伊斯蘭法律學者家庭，後來獲得了紐約大學和哈佛法學院的學位。
25:54
Aramco's division of Arabian Affairs, a department responsible for gathering and disseminating information on important Saudis, described Yamani as a personable young lawyer of 31 years old, with considerable legal background and some practical experience in public administration.
In Jeddah, he built a reputation as a skilled lawyer and became an influential figure as a newspaper columnist.
在吉達，他作為一名技術嫻熟的律師建立了聲譽，並作為報紙專欄作家成為了一位有影響力的人物。
26:20
I didn't know it then, but Faisal was reading my articles very carefully.
我當時不知道，但費薩爾非常仔細地閱讀我的文章。
26:25
I later discovered that he used to read everything I wrote.
我後來發現，他過去常常閱讀我寫的所有東西。
26:29
Yamani was a friendly and moderate person. He rarely started any confrontations, preferring to influence others slowly and gradually to get what he wanted.
亞馬尼是一個友好而溫和的人。他很少發起任何對抗，更喜歡逐漸影響他人以獲得他想要的。
26:40
And more importantly, he had a good relationship with the Aramco executives.
更重要的是，他與阿美石油公司的高管關係良好。
26:50
For Yamani, his role as finance minister comes with immense responsibility and high expectations.
對於亞馬尼來說，他的財政部長角色伴隨著巨大的責任和高期望。
26:58
He understands King Faisal's ambitions and is determined to make them a reality.
他理解費薩爾國王的抱負，並決心將其變為現實。
27:03
Yamani knows that the most critical driver of Saudi Arabia's prosperity is Aramco.
雅馬尼知道，沙烏地阿拉伯繁榮的最關鍵驅動力是阿美石油公司。
27:08
And to secure the nation's future, Saudi Arabia must increase its control over the company.
而為了確保國家的未來，沙烏地阿拉伯必須增加對該公司的控制。
27:16
But he realizes that the Americans will not give up ownership willingly.
但他意識到，美國人不會自願放棄所有權。
27:21
A long-term strategy is necessary.
需要一個長期的策略。
27:23
Yamani did not reveal his vision for Saudi Arabia's oil industry until a conference in Beirut in 1968, where he openly declared that Saudi Arabia desired a 50% share in Aramco.
He explained this desire not in terms of Tariqi's Arab nationalism, but rather as the best way for Aramco shareholders to guarantee their long-term interests.
他解釋這種願望並非基於塔里基的阿拉伯民族主義，而是作為阿美石油公司股東保障其長期利益的最佳方式。
27:49
During the meeting, Yamani makes a bold declaration, demanding half ownership of Aramco.
在會議期間，雅馬尼大膽宣佈，要求擁有阿美石油公司一半的所有權。
28:05
This is when Yamani's patience and skill really stood out.
這時，雅馬尼的耐心和技巧真正顯現出來。
28:10
Yamani and King Faisal were both very patient.
雅馬尼和費薩爾國王都非常有耐心。
28:14
They decided not to push too hard and instead choose to wait and come up with a plan to gradually to take control of Aramco.
他們決定不施加太大壓力，而是選擇等待並制定一個逐步控制阿美石油公司的計劃。
28:23
Over the next few years, Yamani skillfully negotiates with Aramco, gradually purchasing shares in the company.
在接下來的幾年裡，雅馬尼巧妙地與阿美石油公司談判，逐步購買該公司的股份。
28:30
By 1972, Saudi Arabia acquires a cumulative 25% stake in Aramco.
到1972年，沙烏地阿拉伯累計獲得了阿美石油公司25%的股份。
28:37
But for King Faisal, this is not nearly enough.
但對費薩爾國王來說，這還遠遠不夠。
28:41
Soon, a once in a lifetime opportunity will present itself, giving them the chance to take full control of Aramco.
不久，一個千載難逢的機會將出現，給予他們完全控制阿美石油公司的機會。
28:58
Good evening. The Middle East War produced developments all over the world today.
晚上好。今天，中東戰爭在全世界引發了各種發展。
29:03
The oil-producing countries of the Arab world decided to use their oil as a political weapon.
阿拉伯世界的石油生產國決定將石油作為政治武器。
29:09
They will reduce oil production by 5% a month until the Israelis withdraw from occupied territories.
他們將每月減少5%的石油產量，直到以色列人從被佔領土撤出。
29:15
If the Arab countries keep that pledge, it would reduce their production by almost 50% in one year.
如果阿拉伯國家遵守這一承諾，他們的產量將在一年內減少近50%。
29:22
In October 1973, as the Yom Kippur War erupts between Israel and a coalition of Arab states, the global stage is set for a massive economic shock.
In retaliation for Western support of Israel, Arab oil-producing nations impose an embargo, drastically cutting oil exports to the US and Europe.
作為對西方支持以色列的報復，阿拉伯石油生產國實施禁運，大幅削減對美國和歐洲的石油出口。
29:44
Oil prices quadruple overnight, leading to fuel shortages, long lines at gas stations and inflation across the West.
石油價格一夜間暴漲四倍，導致西方國家燃料短缺、加油站大排長龍和通貨膨脹。
29:55
Despite initial hesitation, Saudi Arabia joins the embargo, resulting in significant production cuts and sending oil prices soaring.
儘管最初猶豫不決，沙烏地阿拉伯還是加入了禁運，導致石油產量大幅削減，油價飆升。
30:04
Although Saudi Arabia didn't own more than 50% of Aramco at the time, the kingdoms still control the amount of oil exports.
雖然沙烏地阿拉伯當時並未擁有阿美石油公司超過50%的股份，但王國仍然控制著石油出口量。
30:13
They're forcing Aramco to cut production and raise prices.
他們迫使阿美石油公司減產並提高價格。
30:17
Saudi Arabia leverages its sovereign authority to dictate the amount of oil exported, effectively compelling Aramco to comply with these production cuts.
沙烏地阿拉伯利用其主權權力來決定石油出口量，有效地迫使阿美石油公司遵守這些減產措施。
30:28
The rapid rise in oil prices during the embargo brings Saudi Arabia enormous financial gains and demonstrates the kingdom's growing control over its oil industry by 1974.
Using this newfound leverage, Yomani finally persuades the American owners of Aramco to sell more shares to Saudi Arabia.
利用這新獲得的影響力，Yomani終於說服了阿美石油公司的美國股東向沙烏地阿拉伯出售更多股份。
30:54
By the end of 1974, Saudi Arabia secures control of 70% of Aramco, effectively taking over the company.
到1974年底，沙烏地阿拉伯獲得了阿美石油公司70%的控制權，有效地接管了該公司。
31:04
For Yomani, it is a monumental achievement in his career.
對於Yomani來說，這是他職業生涯中的一項偉大成就。
31:07
He is confident that under Faisal's leadership, Aramco will remain the driving force behind the nation's continued prosperity.
他確信，在Faisal的領導下，阿美石油公司將繼續成為國家持續繁榮的驅動力。
31:16
For Faisal, owning Aramco means wielding influence on a global scale that his father could never have dreamed of, controlling a significant share of the world's oil production, positions Saudi Arabia as one of the most powerful players on the world stage.
Zaki Yomani is a master strategist. As a businessman and diplomat, Yomani mastered the art of the game.
Zaki Yomani是一位策略大師。作為商人和外交官，Yomani精通遊戲的藝術。
31:49
He successfully leveraged negotiation, strategic deterrence, and asymmetric information to his advantage, outsmarting his American counterparts.
他成功地利用談判、戰略威懾和非對稱資訊來獲取優勢，智勝美國對手。
31:59
To navigate today's world and its complexity, one must act and think more rationally.
要在當今複雜的世界中遊刃有餘，必須更理性地思考和行動。
32:06
Brilliant.org is a fantastic place to start learning data-driven methods, strategy puzzles, and logic.
Brilliant.org是一個學習數據驅動方法、策略謎題和邏輯的絕佳起點。
32:13
It is a platform where learning is active, featuring thousands of interactive lessons in math, data analysis, programming, and AI.
這是一個學習主動的平台，提供數千節互動課程，涵蓋數學、數據分析、程式設計和人工智慧。
32:20
A great number of successful businessman and financier tend to think of the world as a game, and therefore they have a better grasp of how the world works.
許多成功的商人和金融家傾向於將世界視為一場遊戲，因此他們對世界的運作有更好的理解。
32:32
Brilliant's logical reasoning and data analysis courses lay a solid foundation for understanding how to navigate strategic interactions and decision-making processes.
Brilliant的邏輯推理和數據分析課程為理解如何應對戰略互動和決策過程奠定了堅實的基礎。
32:42
Each lesson is filled with hands-on problem-solving that lets you interact with concepts, a method proven to be six times more effective than watching lecture videos.
每堂課都充滿實際操作的問題解決，讓你能與概念互動，這種方法被證明比觀看講座影片有效六倍。
32:52
To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for 30 days, visit brilliant.org slash finius, or click the link in the description.
You will also get a 20% off at annual premium subscription.
你還能享有年費高級訂閱的 20% 折扣。
33:05
On a warm day in March 1975, the Royal Palace in Riyadh, bustles with activity as citizens and dignitaries gather for their regular audience with King Faisal.
He is now a revered ruler for his wisdom and dedication to modernizing Saudi Arabia.
他因智慧和致力於現代化沙烏地阿拉伯而成為備受敬重的統治者。
33:25
Among the crowd that day is the King's nephew, Prince Faisal bin Musa'id, who approaches the king for what appears to be the king.
那天人群中有國王的侄子，費薩爾·本·穆薩德王子，他走近國王，看似要與國王互動。
33:35
The two share a brief moment, a gesture of familiarity.
兩人短暫交流，顯示出一種熟悉的姿態。
33:40
Prince Faisal bin Musa'id moves closer, and, in a sudden and shocking moment, pulls out a pistol.
費薩爾·本·穆薩德王子靠得更近，突然間，他掏出一把手槍。
33:47
Two shots ring out, shattering the quiet reverence of the gathering.
兩聲槍響打破了聚會的寧靜與肅穆。
33:52
The bullets strike King Faisal in the head, and the crowd erupts into chaos.
子彈擊中費薩爾國王的頭部，現場頓時陷入混亂。
33:58
Gravely wounded, the king is rushed to the hospital as frantic efforts are made to save his life.
國王身受重傷，被緊急送往醫院，醫生們拚命搶救他的性命。
34:06
Despite the doctor's best attempts, King Faisal succumbs to his injuries, leaving the nation in mourning and the world in shock.
盡管醫生竭盡全力，費薩爾國王仍傷重不治，全國陷入哀悼，世界為之震驚。
34:15
The assassination of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia was recorded on television news film that shows him bending forward to be kissed by the man who shot him.
費薩爾國王的遇刺過程被電視新聞錄下，畫面顯示他彎腰接受刺客的親吻。
34:23
The Cairo newspaper Al Akbar reported today.
開羅的《阿卡巴報》今日報導。
34:27
Many people believed that it was linked to the death of Prince Khaled bin Musa'id, the assassin's brother, who was killed by Saudi security forces during a protest in 1966.
Many believed that Prince Faisal was mentally unstable.
許多人認為費薩爾王子精神不穩定。
34:43
The royal family, stunned by the assassination of their beloved monarch, swiftly takes action.
王室對心愛的君主遭到暗殺感到震驚，迅速採取行動。
34:49
Prince Faisal bin Musa'id is arrested, tried, and later executed by beheading for his crime.
費薩爾·本·穆薩德王子被逮捕、審判，並最終因其罪行被處以斬首。
34:57
The loss of King Faisal marks the end of a pivotal era in Saudi Arabia, as he had been a key figure in modernizing the nation and strengthening its global influence.
He knows he must honor his late brother by continuing his efforts to modernize the country.
他深知必須繼承兄長遺志，持續推動國家現代化進程。
35:38
For Yamani, the passing of King Faisal is a significant blow to their plan to fully take over Aramco.
對亞馬尼而言，費薩爾國王的逝世對他們全面接管阿美石油公司的計劃是一大打擊。
35:48
Little does Yamani know, his own journey will also take a dark turn.
亞馬尼萬萬沒想到，自己的命運也將急轉直下。
35:54
Six terrorists, their weapons concealed in sports equipment bags, burst into a meeting of the organization of petroleum exporting countries here yesterday, shot three persons to death with submachine guns and held at least 60 people hostage.
On December 21, 1975, a group of six terrorists, led by the infamous Venezuelan revolutionary Carlos the Jackal, Illit Ramirez Sanchez, storms an OPEC meeting at the Vienna headquarters, armed and highly organized.
They seize 80 hostages, including Ahmed Zaki Yamani and Iran's oil minister, Jamshid Amuzagar.
他們劫持了八十名人質，包括艾哈邁德·扎基·亞馬尼和伊朗石油部長賈姆希德·阿穆澤加爾。
36:30
After two days of tense negotiations, the terrorists transport the hostages to Algiers, where Yamani is eventually released unharmed, despite the constant threat of assassination.
經過兩天緊張的談判後，恐怖分子將人質轉移至阿爾及爾，亞馬尼最終在多次暗殺威脅下仍安然獲釋。
36:41
A band of pro-Palestinian terrorists who shot their way into the Vienna headquarters of the World Oil Cartel Sunday and seized 11 oil ministers and about 80 others as hostages released their remaining captives early today and surrendered in Algiers.
Yamani's brush with death leaves a profound impact on him.
亞馬尼的死裡逃生對他產生了深遠的影響。
37:01
A man of deep faith, he believes that a law spared him for a purpose.
這位虔誠的信徒相信，是神的旨意讓他倖免於難，並賦予他使命。
37:05
Now, more determined than ever, he is committed to fulfilling King Faisal's vision, completing the takeover of Aramco and transforming Saudi Arabia into one of the most powerful nations on earth.
By 1976, Yamani finally convinces Aramco to sell 100% of its shares, but at a hefty price of $2 billion.
到1976年，亞馬尼終於說服阿美石油公司以20億美元的高價出售其全部股份。
37:35
The Arabian American Oil Company announced yesterday that a general accord had been reached on major issues involving the total takeover of the company by the Saudi Arabian government.
阿拉伯美國石油公司昨日宣布，已就沙烏地阿拉伯政府全面接管公司的主要事宜達成全面協議。
37:45
Observers at the time did not understand why the American shareholders were willing to entertain negotiations to sell their shares.
當時的觀察家不理解為何美國股東願意參與出售股份的談判。
37:53
Well, the truth is, so long as the Americans could negotiate continued access to Saudi oil for at least a while, they could abide by Saudi ownership.
事實上，只要美國能談判在一段時間內繼續獲得沙烏地石油，他們就能接受沙烏地的所有權。
38:03
In fact, it is known that one of the points of contention during the various stock purchase negotiations of the 1970s was the contractual guarantee of oil to these companies.
實際上，在1970年代的多次股份收購談判中，向這些公司保證石油供應是爭議點之一。
38:14
The American's so willing to sell. It's so simple. The price was just too good. The achievement was largely due to Yamani's strategic use of patience and subtle intimidation.
美國人願意出售的原因很簡單，價格實在太誘人。這項成就主要歸功於亞馬尼的戰略耐心和微妙的威脅手段。
38:28
By 1980, the transfer of full ownership is complete, and Aramco is now entirely owned by Saudi Arabia.
到1980年，所有權的全面轉移完成，阿美石油公司現已完全由沙烏地阿拉伯擁有。
38:36
Saudi Arabia's full ownership of Aramco in 1980 significantly boosts its geopolitical influence and economic power.
沙烏地阿拉伯於1980年全面擁有阿美石油公司，大幅提升了其地緣政治影響力和經濟實力。
38:45
Controlling the world's largest oil company allows Saudi Arabia to dominate OPEC, stabilize global oil markets, and wield energy as a diplomatic tool.
控制全球最大的石油公司，讓沙烏地阿拉伯能夠主導歐佩克，穩定全球石油市場，並將能源作為外交工具。
38:55
It also secures 100% of Aramco's profits, funding national infrastructure and modernization projects.
這也確保了阿美石油公司100%的利潤，為國家基礎建設和現代化項目提供資金。
39:04
But there was a growing skepticism about whether the kingdom could run the company as effectively as the Americans had.
但人們越來越懷疑這個王國是否能像美國人那樣有效地經營這家公司。
39:13
If the country can't manage and run the oil company as effectively as the Americans, Aramco may face declining revenues and strained international partnerships.
As a result, Saudi Arabia's global influence could be significantly diminished.
因此，沙烏地阿拉伯的全球影響力可能會大幅減弱。
39:31
At the time of the buyout, Frank Youngers, a U.S. citizen, remains CEO, and the Saudi government decides to keep him in place to ensure stable operations until a suitable Saudi candidate is found.
One of the great strengths of the Saudi government was their patience.
沙烏地政府的一大優勢是他們的耐心。
39:48
Even after taking over the company, they weren't in any hurry to replace the employees with the Saudi citizens.
即使在接管公司後，他們也沒有急於用沙烏地公民取代員工。
39:56
They even allowed the American CEO to keep his job while they took their time finding a qualified Saudi citizen to lead the company.
他們甚至允許美國首席執行官保住他的工作，同時他們花時間尋找一位合格的沙烏地公民來領導公司。
40:05
By 1988, that person is Ali Al-Naimi.
到1988年，這個人是阿里·納伊米。
40:15
The man destined to lead Aramco to greatness comes from a unique background.
這位註定要領導阿美石油公司走向輝煌的人，擁有獨特的背景。
40:21
Ali Al-Naimi was born in 1935 in Saudi Arabia.
阿里·納伊米於1935年出生在沙烏地阿拉伯。
40:27
But from a very young age, he already began his career at Aramco as an office boy in 1947.
但從很小的時候起，他就已經在1947年作為辦公室助理開始了他在阿美石油公司的職業生涯。
40:34
Over the years, he steadily worked his way up the company while pursuing his education in the U.S., earning a degree in geology from Lehigh University and a masters from Stanford University.
Naimi was one of the first Saudis to rise through Aramco's ranks.
納伊米是第一批在阿美石油公司晉升的沙烏地人之一。
40:51
He had been Executive Vice President and was the natural choice to serve as the company's first Saudi CEO.
他曾擔任執行副總裁，是擔任公司首位沙烏地首席執行官的自然人選。
40:58
As the new CEO, Naimi focuses on increasing Saudi Arabia's oil production capacity to meet rising global demand and position the country also as the king of oil.
But neither Naimi nor Saudi Arabia could anticipate a quiet revolution brewing in the background, one that is poised to challenge their dominance like never before.
For decades, it seemed too difficult and costly to extract, but a small group of pioneering engineers and geologists refused to accept this limitation, and their persistence would soon reshape the global energy landscape.
The brief became with the perfection of two technologies, hydraulic fracturing or fracking and horizontal drilling.
這場革命始於兩項技術的完善：水力壓裂（或稱壓裂法）和水平鑽探。
42:29
Fracking involves injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into shale rock at high pressure, creating tiny cracks that allow oil and gas to escape.
壓裂法是指以高壓將水、沙和化學物質的混合物注入頁岩層，從而產生微小裂縫，使油和氣能夠逸出。
42:41
Combined with horizontal drilling, which extends wells across vast shale layers, these techniques significantly increase the surface area from which hydrocarbons can be extracted.
結合水平鑽探技術，可以將井延伸至廣闊的頁岩層中，這些技術大幅增加了可提取碳氫化合物的表面積。
42:53
Though both technologies existed, it wasn't until the early 2000s that their combination began to unlock shale's true potential.
雖然這兩項技術早已存在，但直到2000年代初期，它們的結合才開始釋放頁岩的真正潛力。
43:01
The first major breakthrough occurred in Texas' Barnett shale, where independent oilmen like George Mitchell refined fracking techniques.
第一個重大突破發生在德克薩斯州的巴內特頁岩層，獨立石油商如喬治·米切爾在此完善了壓裂技術。
43:12
By 2003, these methods were producing oil and gas at unprecedented levels.
到2003年，這些方法已經以空前的水平生產石油和天然氣。
43:18
Despite the growing competitive pressure from shale, Naimi makes a grave error by dismissing the threat of shale.
盡管頁岩帶來的競爭壓力日益增大，奈米卻犯下了一個嚴重的錯誤，即輕視了頁岩的威脅。
43:24
Throughout this fracking boom, Ali al-Naimi said he was not concerned.
在這場壓裂熱潮期間，阿里·奈米表示他並不擔心。
43:30
An energy journalist who covered OPEC recalled asking him several times about the growth of shale oil production.
一位採訪歐佩克的能源記者回憶道，他曾多次詢問奈米關於頁岩油產量增長的問題。
43:37
Naimi always said, no, it's not a threat. I'm not worried about it.
奈米總是說，不，這不是威脅。我並不擔心。
43:43
Soon, US oil production is on the rise, rapidly catching up to Saudi Arabia's output.
不久，美國的石油產量開始上升，迅速趕上沙烏地阿拉伯的產量。
43:49
And the result for Aramco is catastrophic.
而對阿美石油公司來說，這一結果是災難性的。
43:56
The sudden surge in US production leads to an oil glut, and by 2014, oil prices collapse, dropping from over $100 per barrel to below $50.
美國產量的突然激增導致石油供過於求，到2014年，油價暴跌，從每桶100多美元跌至50美元以下。
44:08
This price drop shakes the global oil market, severely impacting major producers like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and other OPEC countries.
這次價格下跌震撼了全球石油市場，嚴重影響了沙烏地阿拉伯、俄羅斯和其他歐佩克國家等主要產油國。
44:18
Saudi Arabia, long the world's oil superpower, faces competition it hadn't anticipated.
長期以來作為全球石油超級大國的沙烏地阿拉伯，面臨著它們未曾預料到的競爭。
44:26
In response, it maintains high production levels in an effort to drive out higher cost shale producers.
作為回應，沙烏地阿拉伯維持高產量，試圖逼退成本更高的頁岩生產商。
44:33
But US shale proves more resilient than expected, quickly adapting to the lower prices.
但美國頁岩產業的韌性超出預期，迅速適應了較低的油價。
44:38
Take a look at this. The S&P Energy Index, again, is down 20% during that same time that we saw the recent peak in crude.
來看看這個。標普能源指數在最近原油價格達到峰值的同一時期下跌了20%。
44:47
So prices of crude have fallen 24%, and now the S&P Energy Index has dropped by about 20% as well.
原油價格下跌了24%，而標普能源指數也下跌了約20%。
44:55
Saudi Aramco was able to keep high production at a low cost during the shale revolution, and also the 2014 oil crash was its position as a nationalized company with a full support of the government.
This force, many other companies and countries out of the business.
這種力量使許多其他公司和國家被迫退出市場。
45:13
Aramco manages to survive, thanks to its strength and resilience.
阿美憑藉其實力和韌性得以生存。
45:19
By 2017, Aramco remains the largest oil producer in the world, accounting for roughly 10% of global oil production.
到2017年，阿美仍是世界上最大的石油生產商，約佔全球石油產量的10%。
45:29
But the shale revolution has shaken both the company and Saudi Arabia to their core.
但頁岩革命從根本上動搖了該公司和沙烏地阿拉伯。
45:35
A new, charismatic ruler of Saudi Arabia decides that the time has come for a change.
沙烏地阿拉伯一位新的、富有魅力的統治者決定是時候進行改變了。
45:45
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, born in 1985, is the eldest son of King Salman's third marriage.
王儲穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼出生於1985年，是國王薩勒曼第三次婚姻中最年長的兒子。
45:53
He quickly rises to prominence within the royal family, becoming Crown Prince in 2017, after his father assumed the throne in 2015.
他迅速在王室中崛起，在其父親於2015年登基後，於2017年成為王儲。
46:03
His ascent involves replacing his cousin, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, as the heir apparent, a move that consolidates MBS's power.
他的崛起涉及取代他的堂兄、王儲穆罕默德·本·納伊夫作為王位繼承人，這一舉動鞏固了MBS的權力。
46:13
Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has detained his uncle, two cousins, and a former Crown Prince, accusing them of plotting a coup.
沙烏地王儲穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼拘留了他的叔叔、兩個堂兄和一位前王儲，指控他們策劃政變。
46:24
The move is being seen as an attempt to remove potential drivers to his succession to the throne before his father dies or abdicates.
此舉被視為在其父親去世或退位前，清除潛在王位繼承競爭者的嘗試。
46:32
Two of them have consistently been mentioned as potential replacements for the Crown Prince.
其中兩人一直被提及為王儲的潛在替代人選。
46:39
Securing his power, MBS launches an ambitious plan to modernize Saudi Arabia's economy through the Vision 2030 Initiative.
鞏固權力後，MBS推出了一項雄心勃勃的計劃，通過「2030願景」計劃現代化沙烏地阿拉伯的經濟。
46:47
This plan aims to reduce the kingdom's dependence on oil, particularly Aramco, by investing in other sectors like tourism, technology, and renewable energy.
該計劃旨在通過投資旅遊、科技和可再生能源等其他領域，減少王國對石油，特別是阿美的依賴。
47:19
Among the Vision 2030 Initiatives is a shocking decision.
在「2030願景」計劃中有一個驚人的決定。
47:25
Saudi Aramco has made it official and taken the record for the largest biggest IPO in history.
沙烏地阿美已正式宣布並創下歷史上最大IPO的紀錄。
47:32
A few moments ago, it confirmed 25.6 billion dollars had been raised within IPO.
幾分鐘前，它確認在IPO中籌集了256億美元。
47:39
Now, that in itself is not the biggest number, but extrapolate out the 1.5% sold to the total company, and it makes Aramco the most valuable publicly traded company in the world.
While Aramco kept leading global oil production, the kingdom began to invest heavily in tourism, entertainment, and renewable energy.
雖然阿美石油公司仍保持全球石油生產的領先地位，但該王國開始大力投資旅遊、娛樂和可再生能源。
48:30
Mega projects, like Niamh, a futuristic city, show their move towards innovation.
如未來主義城市尼昂等大型項目，展示了他們向創新邁進的步伐。
48:37
From its humble beginnings, Saudi Arabia rises from the desert sands, transforming from a poor, isolated kingdom into a global economic powerhouse.
從謙卑的起點開始，沙烏地阿拉伯從沙漠中崛起，從一個貧窮、孤立的王國轉變為全球經濟強國。
48:47
Through strategic foresight and determination, the nation leverages its vast oil reserves, gains full control of Aramco, and reshapes the global energy landscape.
通過戰略遠見和決心，該國利用其豐富的石油儲備，獲得阿美石油公司的全面控制權，並重塑全球能源格局。
48:58
Today, Saudi Arabia stands as a dominant force in world business, driven not only by its oil wealth, but also by its bold vision for the future.
今天，沙烏地阿拉伯作為世界商業的主導力量屹立不倒，不僅依靠其石油財富，還依靠其對未來的大膽願景。
49:09
The kingdom's journey from poverty to power is a testament to its resilience and ambition, cementing its crucial role in shaping both the global economy and its own destiny.
該王國從貧窮到強大的歷程，見證了其韌性和雄心，鞏固了其在塑造全球經濟和自身命運中的關鍵作用。
49:28
Thank you very much.
非常感謝。
Saudi Arabia - The Making of a Financial Empire | A Documentary
